It seems that the issue is not only to develop a vaccine or an effective medical treatment, but is more related to the consequences of an unsanitary environement.
In almost 90 countries and territories, nearly half of the world population lives in areas at risk of malaria transmission.
According to WHO in 2020, 627,000 deaths and 241million clinical cases were caused by malaria. 95% of deaths cases were recorded in Africa.
The Roll Back Malaria partnership launched by WHO, UNICEF, UNDP and the World Bank in October 1998 could not succeed in controlling the spread of the disease.
Dear Djénéba Traoré,
Info below may turned out to be helpful:
amr.pdf | Burden of malaria on African health systems
againstmalaria.com›downloads…
Malaria has been well controlled or eliminated in the five northernmost African countries, Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab. Jamahiriya, Morocco, and Tunisia. In these countries the disease was caused predominantly by Plasmodium vivax and transmitted by mosquitoes that were much easier to control than those in Africa south of the Sahara. ... Burden of malaria on health in Africa. Mortality. There are three principal ways in which malaria can contribute to death in young children (Figure 1.2). First, an overwhelming acute infection, which frequently presents as seizures or coma (cerebral malaria), may kill a child directly and quickly. Second, repeated malaria infections contribute to the development of severe anaemia, which substantially increases the risk of death.
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New Ways to Tackle Malaria | IntechOpen
intechopen.com›chapters/69269
Malaria microscopy is still the best method and gold standard for malaria diagnosis. A microscopist normally examines 60 blood smears per day. This includes staining and data maintaining. ... The test mosquitoes were killed within 45 days. The researchers hope to find out a new tool to eliminate malaria when insecticide resistance is a major problem [32]. Before this field trial, extensive laboratory experiments were carried out on the two important malaria species An. coluzziiand An. gambiae s.l[33]. 7.6 Bioenvironmental control of disease vectors.
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Public Health Experts Devise Plan to Eradicate Malaria by 2050
everydayhealth.com›malaria/public…devise…malaria/
Plan Announced to Eliminate Malaria Worldwide in a Generation. A global team of experts in malaria and public health release report outlining path to disease eradication. By Don Rauf. Reviewed: September 24, 2019. ... A Three-Pronged Approach. The paper highlights three ways to help ensure that the world is malaria-free in the next thirty years: Increase spending on malaria. Improve management and implementation of malaria programs (including better use of existing technologies). ... Every two minutes, a child in Africa dies of malaria. Malaria targets those who are the most vulnerable — children, pregnant women, and impoverished populations living far from healthcare. It is one of the oldest diseases faced by mankind, but we can get rid of it, so we should.
Dear Len Leonid Mizrah,
Thank you so much for your extremely helpful answer and relevant inputs so that I can learn more about the way the five northern African countries have eradicated or cintrolled this deadly disease.
Do you know if weather condition (cold temperatures for instance) play a role in the eradication of malaria, as well as the elimination of backwater?
Many thanks again and best regards
Dear Djénéba Traoré,
The research in the link below considers some whether temperature influences as far as malaria is concerned:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237255754_Climate_change_and_malaria_in_India_Interplay_between_temperatures_and_mosquitoes
Hope it helps ...
Just eliminate the marshes and stagnant waters (easy said, not done).
Dear Len Leonid Mizrah,
Thank you very much for sharing the link given access to the relevant study entilted «Climate change and malaria in India: Interplay between temperatures and mosquitoes» Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237255754_Climate_change_and_malaria_in_India_Interplay_between_temperatures_and_mosquitoes [accessed Jun 01 2022].»
I could find the anwer to the question I asked. The authors state very clearly that «The three main climaticfactors that affect malaria transmission anddistribution are temperature, precipitation andrelative humidity.1 Climate predicts, to a largedegree, the natural distribution of malaria.
With best regards,
Dear colleague,
I fully agree with your statement : «Just eliminate the marshes and stagnant waters (easy said, not done).» It is certainly a hard task to accomplish, but it has to be done.
Many thanks for your useful contribution.
With best regards
Integrated vector management: Integrated vector management with integrated approach against all stages of mosquito should help,
1. Source reduction
2. Personal protection : Repellents , Insecticide treated bed nets
3. Antilarval
4. Anti adult measures
5. Mosquito surveillance
6. Research on insecticide resistance and newer insecticides
7. Use of biological agents like antilarval fish, B . thuringenesis
8. Chemoprophylaxis
9. Active and Passive case detection
10. Capacity building (Diagnostics / laboratory /staff)
11. Health education of community about source reduction, barrier clothing , repellents
12. Public private partnership and involvement of NGOs
A shot of immune proteins may protect against malaria for months
A monoclonal antibody for malaria passed an early hurdle and now will be tested in children in Africa, who are most at risk of dying from the disease...
Monoclonal antibodies could provide an option that requires only one shot, once a year. It will take more research to see how well the antibodies work against malaria outside of the laboratory and how cost-effective the shot is...
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/malaria-monoclonal-antibody-immune-proteins?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines
Every African government need to set up an Artemisia plant program. Artemisia is the best plant to fight malaria.
Thi is an excellent document: National guidelines on integrated vector management
Vector control has been the key interventions for control of malaria and kala-azar in Nepal...
This national guideline on Integrated vector management (IVM) has been prepared with the objective of providing a toolbox of vector control methods and standards for the program managers to control the vector borne disease. It emphasizes on evidencebased recommendation on the use of vector control intervention for control of VBDs. The guideline will also support the donor agencies and procurement agencies in selecting standard commodities required for the vector control program...
http://edcd.gov.np/resources/download/national-guideline-on-integrated-vector-management-2020-new
I concur with improved Sanitation but the first thing should be the vaccines, which are now available, while the sanitary part should be improved upon even with clear legislation.
If point two should come first, malaria ravaging will last than expected because of the porosity of the environmental settings coupled with the educational attainment of the populace.
A promising malaria vaccine called R21 is up to 80% effective at preventing the disease in young children who received a booster shot one year after their initial dose, exceeding a World Health Organization (WHO) target of 75% efficacy. A century-long search has uncovered only one other successful malaria vaccine: RTS,S, also called Mosquirix. R21 seems to be more effective and will probably be cheaper and more readily available...
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02902-6
One year after the World Health Organization approved RTS,S, the first malaria vaccine, only a fraction of the 25 million children who need it have received at least one of the four doses. Demand is estimated to be 100 million doses per year, but manufacturer GlaxoSmithKline can’t produce anything close to that amount. And the vaccine, marketed as Mosquirix, has only modest efficacy. On the bright side, researchers say that it has paved the way for better vaccines against a disease that was once considered intractable, with two other candidates currently in trials...
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-04343-7
Dear Prof. Joachim Moussounda Mouanda,
Thanks. for your answer. I agree with you.
Dear Prof. Dr. Ljubomir Jacić,
Interesting. Many thanks for your accurate inputs about the first malaria vaccine and its low effectiveness.
Eliminating malaria in Africa would not be all that easy. We can reduce it through sleeping under mosquito nets, clearing bushes etc.
The first vaccine for malaria, RTS,S, is being rolled out to children in a handful of countries in Africa, with more to benefit soon. It’s a ray of hope for a tenacious and deadly disease: it kills more than half a million people every year, and mortality rates have hardly changed since 2015. There are signs that drugs based on artemisinin, which are among the world’s best weapons against the disease, are losing their effectiveness. And climate change could help malaria to spread to new parts of the world. But researchers are fighting back. The next frontier could be even better vaccines that tackle the parasite at every stage of its life cycle. Monoclonal antibodies could offer another route to protection. And there is the possibility of suppressing or replacing mosquito populations using a gene drive — although the approach is controversial...
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02052-3
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02054-1
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02048-z
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02048-z
Malaria-carrying mosquitoes are less likely to pass on the parasite that causes the disease if they are infected with a naturally occurring bacterium. The microbe secretes a chemical that hobbles the malaria parasite’s development in the insects’ guts. So far, researchers trying to prevent the spread of the disease have had to rely on genetically modified bacteria — a major obstacle to regulatory and public acceptance...
The mosquitoes don’t seem to develop resistance against the bacterium as they do to insecticides. The approach “has great potential to be implemented”, adds Barillas-Mury...
https://www.science.org/content/article/microbe-stops-mosquitoes-harboring-malaria-parasite
Last week, a second malaria vaccine won global approval after decades of development. “But vaccine approval must be accompanied by a comprehensive funding and eradication plan,” argues a Nature editorial. To make more than just glacially slow progress towards reducing the disease’s toll, the world must pull together to plug gaping funding holes and radically ramp up local vaccine manufacturing...
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03173-5
A New mRNA Malaria Vaccine
By targeting resident memory T cells in the liver, a novel mRNA malaria vaccine prevented infection, even in those with prior exposure...
https://www.the-scientist.com/news/a-new-mrna-malaria-vaccine-71533?utm_campaign=TS_DAILY_NEWSLETTER_2023&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=284692042&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8HxrRmg5O2qqCyhB2frgK1F542mzDaqvkdbWQPPQOGhZU5gc_mgAUoGkUo83bJWu5usAiZRkLmgzNVMIxH0Fh4FtHOkg
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