I working on researche and I need a formula of thermal gloun condensation at very high energy which is out of my field.

I found the formula below, which give this by taking trace anomaly depending on lattice field theory.

$_T = _0 -_T$

i'll attach the link of the reference "I can't find it "

my questions are:

1) Is the QCD trace anomaly a necessary condition for a non-vanishing gluon condensate? i.e. had there was no trace-anomaly, should the thermal average of the gluon field squared expectation values be zero? or it can always have on dimensional grounds a thermodynamic contribution proportional to $T^4$ for very high temperatures?

2) According to the above relation, the value of the `thermal' gluon condensate should be negative and proportional to $T^4$ for very high temperatures.

Are there any models predicting in contrast a ''positive'' value of $_T$ at very high $T$?

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