The cell is the basic unit of the living body. Tissue is the group of cells, and the tissue further develops as different body organs. The Noble prize in 2024 has been given to the research that discovered the reason behind the development of a cell that was initially similar but later emerged as different organs. This research tells us that the mutation at the level of RNA is the basic reason for the development of cells as different organs.
The RNA is the strande of helix, and it is a combination of twenty amino acids. The combination of amino acids prepares a new protein with a new functionality. This definition already shows the difference in functionality. Then what is the new in this reserach.
Because we don't know the details research so we consider it for the reason.
But we know mutation, it is revolutionary changes in the traits while as the evolutionary changes takes place gradually, so the question is why the mutation takes place?
Are changes not visible? but they reflect directly mutational changes.
The Nobel Prize was awarded for work from decades ago, we have a very good understanding of organism development. The question of "do differently cells have different DNA" was answered decades ago. Changes to DNA are mutations; changes to individual mRNA molecules are NOT mutations.
I'd suggest you start by reading a good review paper or even intro biology textbook to get a good idea of the basics.
Also, mRNA is composed of 4 nucleotides, not 20 amino acids. That's proteins. The 3-nucleotide codon sequence in mRNA comprises instructions for assembly of proteins by ribosomes. Each of 61 codons of the 64 possible ones is the code for insertion of one of the 20 amino acids (3 are stop codons). Most of the amino acids are represented by multiple codons.
Mutations are not involved in normal development, with the exception of the diversification of specific genes in certain immune cells. Cellular differentiation during development is driven by a complex network of transcription factors and other controlling elements that control gene expression.
The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded "for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation." Post-transcriptional refers to effects that occur after mRNA is synthesized. MicroRNAs interact with cognate mRNAs by base pairing to regulate their translation into proteins.
The discovery of microRNAs has led to a deeper understanding of cell development and how cells become specialized.(2024)
A mutation that causes some change in an organism is called a functional mutation. A mutation can cause a gene to no longer function, or create some new function.
Genetic information flows from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), via a process called transcription and then to the cellular machinery for protein production. There, mRNAs are translated so that proteins are made according to the genetic instructions stored in DNA.
The textbooks present the view or observations of a particular person. Newton does not raise the question by reading the book about why apples go down, not up. The review research paper does not use in the observations. There are assumptions made by the simple observation. Those are verified technically and scientifically.
I observed in November 2020 that wearing a mask protects a person from cold. Later in 2022, the same research was done by a doctor who told about the nose nerves affected by the cold and how masks protect you from cold.
Reserch by text book and review paper ????? not by discussion ????
The information in high-quality scientific textbooks is intended to represent the well-accepted understanding of the relevant science at the time of writing, not the author's opinions. As time goes by, more details will emerge, and some information may have to be revised to take into account new discoveries. Recently published textbooks are an excellent way to learn about the well-established basics of scientific subjects.
For more up-to-date information on these topics, review articles can be very helpful. It's a good idea to read several review articles to get the broadest view, because each one tends to focus on particular aspects of the subject. A deficiency of most review articles is that they are usually uncritical, listing the results in published papers without evaluating their quality, but the reviews are at least helpful in pointing to the primary literature. (These days, you have to keep an eye out for articles written by AI, since these can have false information, unfortunately.)
The recent peer-reviewed primary literature (original research papers) is the source of the latest cutting-edge science. Time will tell whether the results hold up to further investigation, but at least a few experts in the field have judged the paper to merit publication.
In recent times, preprints are increasingly commonly used as primary literature. These are papers that have not yet been peer-reviewed or accepted by journals. There is a risk that the papers will not survive peer review and not get published because reviewers identify significant deficiencies. A similar caveat applies to posters and abstracts presented at conferences. With such material, it's a good idea to watch for a subsequent peer-reviewed publication.
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