Normal flora is so hard first defense line against attacking microbes and this is due to different mechanisms including nitches.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267043492_Skin_Wound_Healing_Is_Accelerated_and_Scarless_in_the_Absence_of_Commensal_Microbiota
Article Skin Wound Healing Is Accelerated and Scarless in the Absenc...
the gut microbiome has more cells and genes than the person they inhabit (1014 vs 1013 ) 30K genes in human vs 8 million in various strains inhabiting colon for example), their influence is profound on many levels from basic immunology to appetite to mood control.
The microbiome through their ligands stimulate the corresponding TLRs which in turn activate the NFkB pathway for the production of an array of cytokines which then regulate the immune response.
Alternatively, the microbiota through the production of secondary metabolites in the form of SCFA enters the liver and modulate the Th17 and Treg cell functioning.
Hence, it is the microbiota which modulates the immune functioning.
Colleagues answered the question in sufficient detail . Some new point of view about the role of the microbiota we have presented on SEPSIS FORUM 2014 ( locate on the website by last name of presenter BELOBORODOVA) http://recordings.slideonline.eu/2014/14SEPSIS/index.html
sorry cannot answer the question because my specialty is hematology
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