Why have the fertilizer industry neglects biological solutions to climate change mitigation today globally? The direct effects of PGPR include the secretion of plant growth promoters (indoleacetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, and ethylene), fixing of atmospheric nitrogen through the symbiotic association to form root nodules, and helping in the solubilization of phosphate in the soil. The plants and microbes have adopted various strategies, for example, secreting organic acids and phosphatases into the rhizosphere soil, thereby helping in mineralization of organic phosphate. The symbiotic association of rhizobacterial strains and mycorrhizal fungi increases P uptake.

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