While learning tumor immunology, I found that antibodies targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 could block the immunosuppressive effect of these co-inhibitory checkpoints, but antibodies targeting CD3 and CD28 could activate T cells. Why antibodies targeting different kinds of receptors shows different effect?
Not only do antibodies targeting different kinds of receptors shows different effect, but antibodies recognizing different epitopes on the same receptor can show very different effects!
Depending on where an antibody binds on its target molecule, it can block the interaction of the target molecule with other molecules, therefore inhibit effects elicited by those interactions. Antibodies preferentially binding to a specific conformers of their target molecules can alter the activity by allosteric mechanisms. Since antibodies have at least two binding sites, they can crosslink two target molecules - in receptors activated by dimerization, they may activate the receptors if the geometry is right, inhibit the receptor if the antibody mediated crosslink is not compatible with activating dimerization of the receptor. Some antibodies will stimulate the internalization and degradation of cell surface receptors.
Hi
It all about signal transduction and events that follow engagement of the receptor to it ligand
this article may be useful
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