Data on atmospheric CO2 usually originates from measurements in Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Two more sources are the stations in Barrow in Alaska and Cape Grim in Tasmania.
yes, there are a number of groups worldwide who do either continuous CO2 measurements or regular fask sampling. The two largest ones are maintained by NOAA (USA) (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/gl_data.html) and from Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). A good tarting point to find a list of CO2 measurements used to be the website of the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC), but that was closed during the Trump presidency in the USA. But the content of the webpage at the time of the closure was archived, and here you find a link to the main observational databases:
https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/
Probably there are now a few more stations that are not on that list. But for the Scripps and NOAA networks, the links provided here still work, and point you to the newest data.
Another useful link is the global carbon project's webpage, where every year a complete carbon dioxide (and methane) budget is published for the preceding year:
The World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG.) collects and disseminates the atmospheric CO2 data. There are a lot of observing stations and you can find the list here; https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/documents/db_list/organization