Hello there, my dear curious researcher friend Rk Naresh! It's a pleasure to engage with your question.

The process you're describing is known as convection. Convection is a heat transfer process that occurs when warmer, less dense air or fluid rises while cooler, denser air or fluid sinks. This movement creates a circulation pattern, with warm air moving upward and cool air moving downward.

As for the layer of the Sun seen during a solar eclipse, that would be the solar corona. The solar corona is the outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere, and it becomes visible during a total solar eclipse when the Moon completely covers the Sun's bright disk. The corona appears as a pearly white, halo-like structure with streamers and loops extending outward from the Sun's surface.

Solar eclipses are fascinating astronomical events that provide a unique opportunity to observe the Sun's outer atmosphere, including the corona, which is otherwise not visible due to the Sun's intense brightness.

Dr Kaushik Shandilya thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The sun primarily emits several types of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, and these energy forms travel to Earth. The main types of energy produced by the sun and reaching Earth are:

1. Visible Light: The sun emits a significant amount of visible light, which is the light we can see with our eyes. This visible light is responsible for providing illumination during the day.

2. Infrared Radiation: In addition to visible light, the sun also emits a substantial amount of infrared radiation. This infrared radiation carries heat energy and is responsible for warming the Earth's surface.

3. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: The sun emits ultraviolet radiation, which is not visible to the human eye. UV radiation plays a role in various processes, including the formation of vitamin D in our skin and can also be harmful in excessive amounts.

The source of energy that warms up the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces is primarily the infrared radiation from the sun. When sunlight reaches the Earth, some of it is absorbed by the surface, warming it up. The Earth then re-emits this absorbed energy in the form of infrared radiation (also known as heat). This outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor, which act like a blanket, preventing the heat from escaping into space. This natural greenhouse effect is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature within a range suitable for life. Without it, the Earth would be much colder.

So, in summary, while visible light from the sun provides illumination, it's the infrared radiation that warms the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces.

Dr Frank Veroustraete thank you for your contribution to the discussion

I agree with Kaushik Shandilya that air cools, it drops back to the ground; flows back towards the Equator, and warm again. The, now, warmed air rises again, and the pattern repeats. This pattern, known as convection, happens on a global scale. Cooler air or water molecules move more slowly and are denser than warm air or water. Warm air or water rising coupled with cooler air or water descending forms a cyclic rising/falling pattern is convection. Convection, process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid such as air or water. Natural convection results from the tendency of most fluids to expand when heated i.e., to become less dense and to rise as a result of the increased buoyancy. When a fluid such as air or water touches a hot object, it can heat up and then move in bulk as a fluid, thereby carrying the heat quickly to new locations. Hot air rising is a common example of heat convection. As the molecules heat and move faster, they are moving apart. So air, like most other substances, expands when heated and contracts when cooled. Because there is more space between the molecules, the air is less dense than the surrounding matter and the hot air floats upward. As air gets cooler, the molecules come closer together. The air has higher pressure than the air around it, so it sinks in the atmosphere, like the cooled balloon in the previous activity. Then, it can be warmed and rise again. This cycle of rising and falling air is called convection. As air gets cooler, the molecules come closer together. The air has higher pressure than the air around it, so it sinks in the atmosphere, like the cooled balloon in the previous activity. Then, it can be warmed and rise again. This cycle of rising and falling air is called convection. If a front is moving so that cold air is replacing warm air, it is a cold front. If the warm air is advancing and replacing cold air ahead, the front is a warm front. If a front is not moving, it is a stationary front. The outermost layer Corona is not visible during normal time. It is visible only when Moon hides the Sun, at that we can see the corona. The photosphere is about 300 km thick. Most of the Sun's visible light that we see originates from this region and chromosphere is about 2000 km thick. We only see this layer and the other outer layers during an eclipse and corona extends outwards for more than a solar radius. During a total solar eclipse, the corona briefly comes into view as the Moon blocks out the light from the solar surface. The corona is wispy, white streamers of plasma (charged gas) that radiate out from the surface of the Sun. The colorful chromosphere is seen shining out around the edges of the Moon when viewed during a total solar eclipse, when the bright surface of the Sun is blocked. The lower region of the Sun's atmosphere is called the chromosphere. A total eclipse can last over 6 minutes. For a few seconds just before and after totality, it is possible to see the chromosphere and prominences. An annular eclipse is where the Moon is too distant to completely cover the Sun's disc. It is possible to see the chromosphere and prominences.