there are three different fracture mechanic known as mode 1(tensile opening), mode 2(in-plane shear) and mode 3(anti-plane shear).
which one has less detrimental effect on the strength and elongation of a specimen with intentional crack?
This is going to be material dependent. In polymers, usually mode I produces the largest crack growth / lowest strength. I'm not sure about metals.
In practically all materials, mode I is most critical, that is why cracks reorient themselves during growth.
Details will depend strongly on your geometry and load case.
It depends on what you want; less detrimental effect or accurate simulation of the state.
You must use the exact constitutive relatioship
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