Dear Krishna,
You can see the write-up given below - A brief account on fluoride removal (based on some literatures)
Various techniques and materials were explored throughout the world for defluoridation of groundwater.
The techniques can broadly be classified into four categories:
Adsorption technique, Ion-exchange technique, Precipitation technique, and Other techniques, which include electro chemical defluoridation and reverse osmosis.
Materials used as defluoridation agents in these four techniques are:
Adsorption: Carbon materials, Activated Alumina, Magnesia, Tricalcium phosphate, Calcite, Hydroxy apatite, Wood, Lignite, Activated char coal, Fish bone char, Processed bone, Nut shells, Avaram bark, Paddy husk, Coffee husk, Tea waste, Jute waste, Coir pitch, Fly ash, Bauxite, Serpentine
Ion-exchange : a) Anion exchange resins- NCL poly anion resin, Tulsion A27, Lewatit-MIH-59, Amberlite IRA-400, Deacedodite FF-IP, Waso resin-14, Polystyrene. b) Cation exchange resins: Defluoron-1, Defluoron-2, Carbion.
Precipitation: Lime, Alum, Lime & Alum (Nalgonda technique), Alum flock blanket method, Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Poly Aluminium Hydroxy Sulphate (PAHS), Brushite.
Others: Electrochemical method (Aluminium electrode), Electro dialysis, Electrolysis, Reverse Osmosis.
The basic characteristics of an ideal defluoridation process are the following:
o Cost-effective
o Independent of input fluoride concentration, alkalinity, pH, temperature
o Easy to handle/operate by rural population - the major sufferer
o Not affect the taste of water
o Not add other undesirable substances (eg. Aluminum) to treated water
Defluoridation can be introduced at two organizational levels; as household defluoridation for consumption of single household members, and as community defluoridation for the public use in a village.
The domestic defluoridation processes available today are not totally successful. Nalgonda and Krass processes for defluoridation have some merits.
This is for your kind information that at CSIR-CMERI, Durgapur we are working on the defluoridation of groundwater. We have already developed a process (adsorption technique) for defluoridation and filed a patent in April, 2016.
We have also designed and developed a Domestic Defluoridation Unit for reducing the fluoride content in water. In addition to the removal of fluoride, the Unit also arrests other common contaminants found in the groundwater. This unit is suitable for domestic purposes in the fluoride affected rural areas.
Specifications
· No electricity
· No chlorine, no bromine, no iodine used
· No running water required
· Flow rate: 5 L / hour
· Adsorbent life (proposed): ~2000 L
· Storage capacity: 18 L
Techno- Socio-Economic analysis
· Adsorbent replacement cost: Rs. 600/-
· Maintenance cost/month: 150/- (~500 L p.m.)
· The commercial filtration unit addressing the defluoridation of water for domestic purposes is not available in the market. The developed filtration unit could be promising for commercialization.
· Unit can be deployed in the fluoride rich regions of India through Govt./ NGO support
We are conducting a research project entitled “Geochemical modelling of fluoride contamination in groundwater of the Birbhum District, West Bengal” which primarily aims to explore the origin and enrichment mechanism of fluoride in groundwater. This study has encouraged us to undertake the work on defluoridation of groundwater.
We have a plan to deploy some working models of the ‘Defluoridation Unit’ in the fluoride affected villages of Birbhum district, West Bengal.
hope these links are useful.
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj05raijYHVAhXBLY8KHcMrCK8QFggqMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmph.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D1755-6783%3Byear%3D2008%3Bvolume%3D1%3Bissue%3D2%3Bspage%3D56%3Bepage%3D58%3Baulast%3DSuneetha&usg=AFQjCNF9gdEiV66nvp1YXu7wBFE0N8ovQQ
http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/WATER/Water%20Quality/Fluoride/Defluoridation%20(India).pdf
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj05raijYHVAhXBLY8KHcMrCK8QFggyMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmph.org%2Farticle.asp%3Fissn%3D1755-6783%3Byear%3D2008%3Bvolume%3D1%3Bissue%3D2%3Bspage%3D56%3Bepage%3D58%3Baulast%3DSuneetha&usg=AFQjCNF9gdEiV66nvp1YXu7wBFE0N8ovQQ
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj05raijYHVAhXBLY8KHcMrCK8QFghVMAc&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.watersanitationhygiene.org%2FReferences%2FEH_KEY_REFERENCES%2FWATER%2FWater%2520Quality%2FFluoride%2FDefluoridation%2520(India).pdf&usg=AFQjCNFAdTbT5kEbm7NVCEb3x0UKhlIYdA
https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi31oyGjoHVAhWJqI8KHWJnA38QFghIMAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsijournals.com%2Fchemical-sciences%2Fan-innovative-technique-for-removal-of-fluoride-from-drinking-water.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFzgXFYTfkb--nVATQOvsjVrNFZtg
http://nutritionfoundationofindia.res.in/pdfs/BulletinArticle/Pages_from_nfi_07_92_2.pdf
defluridation of drinking water
The links provided by Shri Raju Thapa and Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad on the topic are useful. Thanks
Dear Krishna,
The product details of our developed 'Domestic filter for defluoridation of water' is now available. I have attached the same to reply a question. You may get interest to read the same. Click the link given below (6th reply):
Good wishes
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_were_and_are_the_traditional_methods_technology_knowledge_of_purifying_water_to_make_it_potable
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