There are different methods of estimating perennial crops water requirements based on direct and indirect soil, water, and seasonal measurements. There is acute difference from anatomical and morphological structures point of view and accordingly response of adaptation and acclimatization to water stress behaviour appears. The various researchers have proved that optimum growth and production of fruit crops is strongly linked to managing irrigation water.

For details please see this link https://www.scirp.org/html/6-3000146_16851.htm

Irrigation based on climate data (ET) and monitoring of soil water resulted in no significant differences in soil or tree water status of orchard-grown fruit trees under temperate and subtropical climatic conditions. The results indicated the need for better understanding and utilization of tree physiological parameters for management of irrigation water of fruit crops. This will ultimately lead to achieving optimum yield and fruit quality while conserving water resources.

Mulching and drip irrigation can regulate the water requirement of fruit crops

The basis of regulating the drip irrigation , shouldit be based on pan evaporation , IW/CPE ratio , depletion in available water content , evaporation rate or evapotranspiration rate ( ETc), which one is most appropriate . If so , let us put your view in favor....thank you

In the micro irrigation system for regulation of water drippers play major role and control the flow of water from the inner, pressurized side of the pipe into the atmospheric pressure outside the pipe. Drippers, also referred to as emitters, are the end devices which deliver water to plants in a specific manner. The aim is to make this outflow uniform to all plants in the field, regardless of their location or the terrain conditions. In a typical drip irrigation system, tubing is laid out from the water source to the end of the planting area.

In order to regulate drip irrigation, i am giving here following 3 steps?

In such vulnerable areas, first step should be selection of less water demanding crops such as pulses, oil seeds, arid fruit crops. Second step should be rain water harvesting during monsoon. The third step should be use of mulchs and microirrigation systems.

What should be the premise of regulating irrigation , soil metric -based or plant requiremnt -based or devicing a relationship between both the premises..??

I would like to reply irrigation regulation in two ways, one is metering at source so that indiscriminate use will be avoided. As water conservation becomes more crucial, so does the need to design irrigation systems that minimize water use. Second is pressure regulation devices increase the efficiency and performance of your system designs by reducing the water pressure to a set, optimal rate.

In the microirrigation system, emitters or drippers are devices used to control/ regulate the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closely spaced emitters may be used to wet a strip of soil. Many different emitter designs have been produced in recent years. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily.

What are views about self compensating drippers for water regulation in MI? Mention field experience for using such innovative components of MI

IW/CPE ratio and 50 percent depletion of Available soil moisture are the two commonly deployed Irrigation scheduling in many agricultural crops.

In the area of regulating water requirement, deficit irrigation (DI) is a watering strategy that can be applied by different types of irrigation application methods. The correct application of DI requires thorough understanding of the yield response to water (crop sensitivity to drought stress) and of the economic impact of reductions in harvest. In regions where water resources are restrictive it can be more profitable for a farmer to maximize crop water productivity instead of maximizing the harvest per unit land. The saved water can be used for other purposes or to irrigate extra units of land. DI is sometimes referred to as incomplete supplemental irrigation or regulated DI.

Deficit Irrigation (DI) scheduling is yet another area where we need intensive research on Agronomic management practices and water productive genotypes by which we can reduce water footprint. We have studied the response of sugarcane to deficit Irrigation Scheduling for seven years at ICAR-SBI Coimbatore. In Sugarcane it is possible to curtail 25 pee cent Irrigation water with use of composted coir pith/Sugarcane trash. There won't be any cane yield penalty.

With some drought tolerant, water efficient sugarcane genotypes we can further reduce the irrigation water upto 50 per cent with some yield penalty.

Larger banana plantations also need a low-maintenance irrigation system to help keep the entire operation running as smoothly as possible. I have seen experiences with Senninger® brand sprinklers that are designed to make watering easier and more efficient.

In the microirrigation system, emitters or drippers are devices used to control/ regulate the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closely spaced emitters may be used to wet a strip of soil. Many different emitter designs have been produced in recent years. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily.

The Government of India has been implementing Centrally Sponsored Scheme on Micro Irrigation with the objective to enhance water use efficiency in the agriculture sector by promoting appropriate technological interventions like drip & sprinkler irrigation technologies and encourage the farmers to use water saving and conservation technologies.

Thanks Dr Malhotra for insightful answer..

Can you please provide us some statistical analysis of adoption of drip irrigation in fruit crops versus cereal crops..?

Thank you

Anoop Kumar Srivastava already Suresh K Malhotra has nailed the answer and yes microirrgation system is one of the best system and have been tried and tested by many farmers across the country.. It depends on the crops and the type of solid and climatic conditions and then the organic manure applied so the spacing can be finalized based on that then the results can be seen quite easily.

Dear Dr Anoop Kumar Srivastava . See the following useful RG link: Chapter Irrigation Management Practices and Their Influence on Fruit...

Kindly check also the following good RG link: Article Deficit irrigation and emerging fruit crops as a strategy to...

Also check please the following useful RG link: Article Determination of optimum irrigation strategies and effect of...

Good answers from all scientists. I would emphasize on which I think are the future in this regard and that are "Drip irrigation system" and "ancient pot irrigation system".

New systems of micro irrigation are available for perennials in round shape installation. Such systems are required to be evaluated for performance.

Fruit growers in the modern era of science consider drip irrigation method as an effective way to save water and that plant needs, as well as to reduce weeds, fungi and diseases. Moreover, drip irrigation minimizes water loss from run-off and deep percolation, decreases evaporation losses. Drip irrigation helps maintain crops, revegetate disturbed soil in dry areas and support stable fruit production. As farmers need more water to produce food, orchard irrigation systems will allow them to become more efficient with less work. Drip irrigation systems influence the quality of fruit in orchards.