Rk Naresh

as per one of my study that discussed the Life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generation in Pakistan: Policy regime for a sustainable energy mix [1].

Minimum Global warming (GWP) of 8.78 (g CO2 eq/kWh) is seen for Run of River energy source for wind it is 11.38 and for nuclear it is 12.51. Anyway its depends on a lot of things you can furtehr read the research paper to get more insights

[1] .Life cycle sustainability assessment of electricity generate...

Dr Muhammad Zeshan Akber thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Wind, nuclear, tidal, hydropower, geothermal, solar, and wave energy have the lowest carbon footprint. Per kWh produced, the energy sources emit between 11 and 48 gCO2 on a life-cycle basis. These energy types combat climate change and have various environmental benefits. Nuclear currently provides almost 30% of the world's low-carbon electricity, making it the second largest source after hydropower. Carbon-free energy sources are nuclear power and renewable energy, including synthetic fuel called “e-fuels.” E-fuels such as hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and DME are made by renewable energy. Of course, walking, biking, or runnings are the lowest-carbon ways to go from one place to another. But car-sharing can also reduce emissions, as can switching to electric vehicles or public transport. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found the median value among peer-reviewed studies for life-cycle emissions for rooftop solar is 41 grams of CO2 equivalent per kilowatt hour of electricity produced. Is Coal a low-carbon energy source? No, due to its relatively high lifecycle emissions, Coal is considered to be a high-carbon energy source. The median estimate of lifecycle emissions from Coal is 820 gCO2eq / kWh. Nuclear energy is energy made by breaking the bonds that hold particles together inside an atom, a process called “nuclear fission.” This energy is “carbon-free,” meaning that like wind and solar, it does not directly produce carbon dioxide (CO2) or other greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Keep in mind that an “ideal” carbon footprint (or a “low” footprint) is anywhere from 6,000 to 15,999 pounds per year. 16,000-22,000 is considered average under 6,000 is considered very low. Using electricity affects the environment because much of the electricity we use comes from burning fossil fuels. Combusting fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that cause climate change and global warming. The major contributors to carbon footprints are: food, consumption, transportation, and household energy. Food is a major contributor to carbon footprints, and meat in particular is an issue. Livestock is responsible for a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions, and beef is one of the biggest contributors. The Climate Change Performance Index 2023 report was released recently and India secured 8th position in the index which is 2 positions up from the last edition. Every year, nuclear-generated electricity saves our atmosphere from more than 470 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions that would otherwise come from fossil fuels. That's the same as taking nearly 100 million passenger vehicles off the road. That's right despite their fossil origin; natural gas and propane are low-carbon fuels in comparison to traditional alternatives. Both have a lower emission factor than gasoline and diesel. Rammed Earth ranks as the lowest in carbon footprint, as it is basically an ancient technique that only uses natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, and/or gravel. It is considered to be the most sustainable building method. Reducing your carbon footprint means changing how you approach and participate in activities that produce greenhouse gasses. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, emit little to no greenhouse gases, are readily available and in most cases cheaper than coal, oil or gas.