In an "enlarged" sense, any city on the planet is global.

In "Wang's sense", it is obvious that there is no exhaustive and objective list of such cities, as each "author" analyzes the globality on the basis of the parameters he has in mind.

Therefore, he carelessly fixes your parameters and then begins a powerful work of research and planetary statistical analysis.

That's what I was suspecting. The more I read about the topic the more I understand that although there are some ways to classify if a city is considered global or not, it seems that there is no single list.

Dear Dr.Nikolaos Tziokas;

Please refer to the following link :

https://unhabitat.org/wcr/

Estimated Doctor Nikolaos Tziokas

These types of cities are generally identified in the developed world, such as London (UK), New York, Washington and San Francisco (USA), Paris (France), Barcelona (Spain) and Zurich (Switzerland). However, they can also be found in the major consumption centers of peripheral nations such as Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai (China), Mexico City (Mexico), Johannesburg (South Africa) and Buenos Aires (Argentina), according to Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) -2010 data.

First keep in mind that you will be dealing with cities with global dynamics, which is different from "global cities", that is, the characteristic of these cities is to connect with the world in different ways. In this light, there are some classifications in the literature such as "Alpha ++ or Beta ++ or Omega ++ Cities" and so on. It all depends on how you intend to approach your study.

A suggestion, you can propose your own list based on the indicators proposed by the Literature, or you can even search for indicators with UN-Habitat, Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) -2010 data, or with other international bases.

London, New York, Paris, Rome and Tokyo

Nikolaos,

Global cities have a significant international presence and are hubs for business, culture, finance, and entertainment. They are often described as having a global reach, meaning they are connected to the world in various ways, from the people who live there to the businesses and organizations that operate there. Global cities are often the most influential cities in the world, as they provide a platform for companies and organizations to reach a global market. The most common types of global cities are financial and business centers, such as New York, London, Tokyo, Singapore, and Hong Kong. These cities are often some of the most economically powerful cities in the world, and they are major hubs for international trade and commerce. Other global cities include cultural and entertainment centers, such as Los Angeles, Paris, Berlin, and Shanghai. These cities are home to some of the world's most famous and iconic landmarks and attractions and are important centers for the arts and entertainment. In addition to their global presence, global cities are often hubs of innovation and technological advancement. Cities like Silicon Valley and San Francisco are hubs for the tech industry, while cities like Seattle and Austin are home to some of the most cutting-edge companies in the world. Global cities are often at the forefront of technological advancements and are home to the most innovative startups and businesses. Finally, global cities are often major centers for education and research. Cities like Boston, London, and New York are home to some of the world's most prestigious universities and research centers. These cities are often the most important centers for advancing science, technology, and medical research. Overall, global cities are some of the most influential cities in the world. They provide a platform for businesses and organizations to reach a worldwide market and are often hubs for innovation and technological advancement. Global cities are also important centers for education and research, and they are home to some of the world's most iconic landmarks and attractions.

References:

Kaufmann, D. (2018). Global cities and global city regions: Challenges and opportunities for urban studies. Urban Studies, 55(4), 835–852.

Knox, P. L., & Agnew, J. A. (2003). Global cities: Introduction. In Global Cities: Post-imperialism and the internationalization of London (pp. 1–16). Routledge.

Kotkin, J. (2016). The city: A global history. New York: Modern Library.

Kumar, S. (2014). Global cities: Urbanization and its implications. Routledge.

Papageorgiou, C., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). Global cities and urbanization. In Global urbanization (pp. 1–20). Routledge.

You can check the Global Power City Index by the Mori Fundation :

https://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml

Les villes suivantes peuvent être considérées commes des villes mondiales : Londres, New York, Hong Kong, Singapour et Tokyo

I do not think you will nor should find a standardized definition, because the word "global" itself is a loaded phrase that will always be appropriated for a specific - not apolitical - use, and that is fine. If Wang's definition represents your research objects the best, just look at various registries, and check how well their specification fits (). If you do a meta-analysis, then your study needs to spend some time exploring the heterogeneity of the concept, see what is common, what is different, and what could explain the difference (this on its own is an interesting research question).

Although, there are some ways to classify if a city is considered global or not, it seems that there is no single list are uch as London (UK), New York, Washington and San Francisco (USA), Paris (France), Barcelona (Spain) and Zurich (Switzerland). However, they can also be found in the major consumption centers of peripheral nations such as Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai (China), Mexico City (Mexico), Johannesburg (South Africa).

Global cities are cities that serve as primary nodes in the global economic network. They are characterized by a high degree of urban development, a large population, the presence of major multinational companies, a significant and globalized financial sector, well-developed and internationally linked transportation infrastructure, local or national economic dominance, high quality educational and research institutions, and a globally influential output of ideas, innovations, or cultural products1. Some examples of global cities include New York City, London, Paris, Tokyo, and Beijing.

Global cities, also known as world cities, are urban centers that play a significant role in the global economic, cultural, and political landscape. They are centers of finance, commerce, technology, culture, and international trade. There is no definitive list of global cities, as the designation can change over time based on various factors.

However, some cities are commonly recognized as being prominent global cities due to their influence and impact on a global scale. Some of these cities include:

Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are other cities around the world that also have significant global importance. The status of global cities can change over time as economic and geopolitical landscapes evolve.