it is not easy to answer your question (a bit generic) as there are many specific types of ASTM Standards to test / characterize the conformity of the different characteristics of an ED Costing on a pipe, which I suggest you take a look at, for example :
-Test Methods for Coating Adhesion by DeFelsko
Available at: https://www.defelsko.com/resources/test-methods-for-coating-adhesion
-International Standard by elcometer
Available at: https://www.elcometer.com/en/international-standards.html
-QUALIFICATION TESTS FOR PAINT SYSTEMS by Petrobras
Available at: https://canalfornecedor.petrobras.com.br/media/filer_public/3c/4f/3c4f59d1-c85a-46ea-9706-3e9de5b67bdf/i-et-301000-1200-956-p4x-001_0_prelim.pdf
-ASTM Designation: B487−85 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness byMicroscopical Examination of Cross Section
Available at: https://www.galvanizeit.com/uploads/ASTM-B-487-yr-87-R-13.pdf
if you wish to test according to regulations, you can find some useful guidelines at the following web sites:
-ASTM D1654 by MICOM inc. Laboratories
Available at: https://www.micomlab.com/micom-testing/astm-d1654/
-Chemical Resistant Coatings: Types and Standard Tests by SpecialChem
Available at: https://coatings.specialchem.com/coatings-properties/chemical-resistance
-Selecting the right corrosion test for your HVAC/R protective coating by HERESITE Protective Coatings
Available at: https://www.heresite.com/selecting-the-right-corrosion-test-for-your-hvacr-protective-coating/
-D870 Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Water Immersion by Paint Square
Available at: https://www.paintsquare.com/standards/?fuseaction=view&id=1758
-ASTM D870 - 15(2020)
Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Water Immersion
-ASTM D6943 - 15(2019)
Standard Practice for Immersion Testing of Industrial Protective Coatings and Linings
In practice, in this type of immersion test, you should evaluate the degradation of the coating, for a given immersion time by comparing the characteristics to those of the unexposed product.
These measurements should be replicated for each type of environment that you have indicated, following, as already indicated, well-defined procedures and methodologies (for example you could calibrate defects on some samples to see how they evolve).
You could also use electrochemical tests, but it is necessary to have quite specific skills and equipment, which not all laboratories have and are, for the most part, used for research purposes.
Below I am attaching a last link for ASTM regulations selection:
-Corrosion Standards and Wear Standards by ASTM International
Available at: https://www.astm.org/Standards/corrosion-and-wear-standards.html
Good luck and my best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.