In documents of European Commission: "Energy roadmap 2050" and "Power Perspectives 2030", issued in 2011, you can find important information on decarbonisation strategy of EU, obligations of CO2 taxes as well as on estimations of prices for CO2 taxes for period 2015-2050. It is the most relevant official documents about this topic in Europe. Regarding scientific articles reffered to this topic, I can recommend to you to visit Elsevier's Applied Energy journal (journal with very high impact factor) and explore the scientific article on the idea of global CO2 Taxes.
I am working on this somewhat in terms of a differential carbon tax based on the source of the emission and its purpose (e.g. electricity generation should be treated differently from cement production). In the US we now have good reporting data that shows all the point source missions as a function of industry so we are building a model based on that.
REMI (Regional Economic Modeling, Inc) ran some economic modeling on behalf of Citizens' Climate Lobby to evaluate the impacts of a carbon tax with 100% return to tax payers in the United States. The report is available at http://citizensclimatelobby.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/REMI-carbon-tax-report-62141.pdf
The report is not published in a peer reviewed journal, but REMI and Synapse do have reputations for good work.
I recall reading an article in The Economist years ago that put forth the notion that instituting a global carbon tax would be as difficult as trying to assert a global inheritance tax.
I have found this report rather inspirational: World Bank, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2014. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014. Doi: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0268-3
This report does not discriminate between carbon taxes and emission trading systems (ETS), as both gives a price on carbon.
A global carbon tax would be nice, but I cannot see it happening. The way forward is more likely be more countries and regions adapting a carbon tax or ETS. Reading the World Bank report it seems that we might have reached a tipping point. For example, carbon taxes were initially established in a few Nordic countries and emission trading system (ETS) in the EU and now about 40 national and over 20 sub-national jurisdictions are putting a price on carbon. Since the tipping point was achieved the development has been fast; A total of eight new carbon markets opened their doors in 2013 alone and at least as many are in consideration. Most importantly, the national China ETS is expected to start during the 13th Five Year Plan (2016–2020). (World Bank 2014).
In the website of the Global CCS Institute http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/, there are a few reports covering carbon capture and storage financing and policy which include CO2 tax. I am not sure if the idea of global CO2 tax is discussed, but you might find interesting to take a look to the different cases of CO2 tax such as Australia, Norway and Canada.