Dear Rohit,

The following publications cover the answer to your question.

Regarding ricinine synthesis please use the following link:

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01582a059?journalCode=jacsat

Pyridine-1-oxides. II. A New Synthesis of Ricinine1,2

E. C. TaylorJr., Aldo J. Crovetti

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1956, 78 (1), pp 214–217

DOI: 10.1021/ja01582a059

Publication Date: January 1956

1-EXTRACTION OF RICIN FROM CASTOR

MUTHANNA NISCHAL AMMATANDA, B.E.

This chapter describes the methods for ricinine extraction.

2- doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0210

A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor

https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/articles/104/4/853

Abstract

 Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg−1), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg−1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L ha−1), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production.

 Abbreviations

DAE, days after emergence;DOR, Directorate of Oilseeds Research;ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;HI, harvest index

Castor is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family that is found across all the tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world (Weiss, 2000). Castor oil is nonedible and has been used almost entirely for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Since castor is not a legume researchers should avoid the use of the term “castor bean” frequently found in the literature on this crop. Castor was initially believed to have four centers of origin: (i) East Africa (Ethiopia), (ii) Northwest and Southwest Asia and Arabian Peninsula, (iii) India, and (iv) China. However, Ethiopia is considered to be the most probable site of origin because of the presence of high diversity (Anjani, 2012). Earlier taxonomists also divided the genus Ricinusinto several species and subspecies (R. persicus Popova, R. chinensis Thunb., R. zanzibarinus Popova, R. sanguineus Groenl., R. africans Willd. etc.); however, most botanists now believe that all castor groups belong in the same species. The division into several subspecies was probably based on eco-geographical grouping or morphological characters. Because most castor accessions readily intercross, produce fertile progeny, and have the same chromosome number, castor is now considered to be a single species (Anjani, 2012). For detailed reports on castor origin, taxonomy, history, and geographic distribution, see Moshkin (1986), Brigham (1993), Kulkarni and Ramanamurthy (1977), DOR (2003), Filho (2005), and Anjani (2012).

Hoping this will be helpful,

Rafik

Dear Rohit,

The following publications cover the answer to your question.

Regarding ricinine synthesis please use the following link:

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01582a059?journalCode=jacsat

Pyridine-1-oxides. II. A New Synthesis of Ricinine1,2

E. C. TaylorJr., Aldo J. Crovetti

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1956, 78 (1), pp 214–217

DOI: 10.1021/ja01582a059

Publication Date: January 1956

1-EXTRACTION OF RICIN FROM CASTOR

MUTHANNA NISCHAL AMMATANDA, B.E.

This chapter describes the methods for ricinine extraction.

2- doi:10.2134/agronj2011.0210

A Review on the Challenges for Increased Production of Castor

https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/aj/articles/104/4/853

Abstract

 Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the oldest cultivated crops, but currently it represents only 0.15% of the vegetable oil produced in the world. Castor oil is of continuing importance to the global specialty chemical industry because it is the only commercial source of a hydroxylated fatty acid. Castor also has tremendous future potential as an industrial oilseed crop because of its high seed oil content (more than 480 g kg−1), unique fatty acid composition (900 g kg−1 of ricinoleic acid), potentially high oil yields (1250–2500 L ha−1), and ability to be grown under drought and saline conditions. The scientific literature on castor has been generated by a relatively small global community of researchers over the past century. Much of this work was published in dozens of languages in journals that are not easily accessible to the scientific community. This review was conducted to provide a compilation of the most relevant historic research information and define the tremendous future potential of castor. The article was prepared by a group of 22 scientists from 16 institutions and eight countries. Topics discussed in this review include: (i) germplasm, genetics, breeding, biotic stresses, genome sequencing, and biotechnology; (ii) agronomic production practices, diseases, and abiotic stresses; (iii) management and reduction of toxins for the use of castor meal as both an animal feed and an organic fertilizer; (iv) future industrial uses of castor including renewable fuels; (v) world production, consumption, and prices; and (vi) potential and challenges for increased castor production.

 Abbreviations

DAE, days after emergence;DOR, Directorate of Oilseeds Research;ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;HI, harvest index

Castor is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family that is found across all the tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world (Weiss, 2000). Castor oil is nonedible and has been used almost entirely for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Since castor is not a legume researchers should avoid the use of the term “castor bean” frequently found in the literature on this crop. Castor was initially believed to have four centers of origin: (i) East Africa (Ethiopia), (ii) Northwest and Southwest Asia and Arabian Peninsula, (iii) India, and (iv) China. However, Ethiopia is considered to be the most probable site of origin because of the presence of high diversity (Anjani, 2012). Earlier taxonomists also divided the genus Ricinusinto several species and subspecies (R. persicus Popova, R. chinensis Thunb., R. zanzibarinus Popova, R. sanguineus Groenl., R. africans Willd. etc.); however, most botanists now believe that all castor groups belong in the same species. The division into several subspecies was probably based on eco-geographical grouping or morphological characters. Because most castor accessions readily intercross, produce fertile progeny, and have the same chromosome number, castor is now considered to be a single species (Anjani, 2012). For detailed reports on castor origin, taxonomy, history, and geographic distribution, see Moshkin (1986), Brigham (1993), Kulkarni and Ramanamurthy (1977), DOR (2003), Filho (2005), and Anjani (2012).

Hoping this will be helpful,

Rafik