Dear @Clara Azzam

The ethics of science and science itself share the goal of comprehending in human terms scientists' actions in manipulating the physical world.

https://www.nature.com/articles/425121a#:~:text=Ethics%20is%20an%20integral%20part,in%20manipulating%20the%20physical%20world.

Here are some of the ethical rules that scientists must follow:

1. Scientific research must be reported honestly. It is wrong and misleading to make up or change research results.

2. Scientific researchers must try to see things as they really are. They should avoid being biased by the results they expect or hope to get.

3. Researchers must be careful. They should do whatever they can to avoid errors in their data.

4. Researchers must inform coworkers and members of the community about any risks of their research. They should do the research only if they have the consent of these groups.

5. Researchers studying living animals must treat them humanely. They should provide for their needs and take pains to avoid harming them.

6. Researchers studying human subjects must tell their subjects that they have the right to refuse to participate in the research.

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/1.6/primary/lesson/ethics-in-science-ms-ps

To my opinion, ethical values are an all time low. Researchers often ignore citing original research, and cite their own but irrelevant work. More often, we come across "retracted" papers. Reputed journals and publishers mostly take care of such unethical aspects. However, as reviewers we are also accountable to point out these flaws. Of course, there are certain values which don't fall in the domains of reviewers. Bibliographic mistakes, for example, are taken care of by the publishers before publication of online, and print version of the articles in reputed journals.

Best wishes, AKC

Dear@ Arbind K. Choudhary

I am asking about a defense action against the mistakes that I`ve mentioned, which may lead to authors' rights losing, and maybe they will be forgotten with the passage of time. What is necessary to preserve their rights is a commitment to accuracy in writing their names when they are cited, which is easy as I know.

21 May MMXXI

What is Scientific Ethics?

Ethics is ethics--it is a generic term. There are not various types of ethics.

What would be considered ethical, would apply to all things connected to what is considered ethics.

You might say Ethics in Sports, Ethics in politics, Ethics in Scientific Research.

Cordially...

ASJ

Dear@Anthony St. John

You are right, and this is what we expect from everyone, especially scientists

Clara Azzam scientific ethics is a great question to start with and I have read the comments of all the experts and loved Anthony St. John and Arbind K. Choudhary comments but use Scientific ethics generally it means the standard of conduct for research scientists or any scientists working in the field of science who deal with standards of methods and process address the design or data analysis and reporting of research which was done or under progress so this is very important

Dear@ Srinivas Kasulla, You are right, but I think that citation also belongs to scientific ethics. Who is not deal carefully with it, will not be expected to be careful with all other steps you`ve mentioned. I also agree with you concerning the reply of both Anthony St. John and Arbind K. Choudhary

Dear Clara Azzam , for all the issues regarding scientific ethics, integrity, research misconduct and many other issues, you may contact and report cases to COPE - Committee on Publication Ethics. You will find many resources there.

https://publicationethics.org/about/our-organisation

https://publicationethics.org/copeforum

Several widely publicized incidents of academic research misconduct, combined with the politicization of the role of science in public health and policy discourse (e.g., COVID, immunizations) threaten to undermine faith in the integrity of empirical research. Researchers often maintain that peer-review and study replication allow the field to self-police and self-correct; however, stark disparities between official reports of academic research misconduct and self-reports of academic researchers, specifically with regard to data fabrication, belie this argument. Further, systemic imperatives in academic settings often incentivize institutional responses that focus on minimizing reputational harm rather than the impact of fabricated data on the integrity of extant and future research...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10805-021-09438-w

Is a public "Wall of Shame" a good idea for journals?

The journal Cureus — which is no stranger to Retraction Watch — unveiled what they are calling a “Wall of Shame,” which “highlights authors and reviewers who have committed egregious ethical violations as well as the institutions that enabled them.”

https://retractionwatch.com/2022/04/12/is-a-wall-of-shame-a-good-idea-for-journals/