Many studies have explained the changes in peak intensity in XRD patterns of irradiated polymeric films, but I have found little information on the shift effect. Could someone please provide some assistance?
Dear friend Tasnime Rasselkaf
Gamma irradiation can cause structural changes in polymeric materials due to the energy of the ionizing radiation interacting with the material. One of the effects of this interaction can be a shift in the XRD peaks compared to the virgin sample. This shift can be attributed to changes in the crystalline structure of the material, which can affect the spacing between the planes of atoms that produce the diffraction peaks.
Several mechanisms can cause peak shifts in XRD patterns of irradiated polymeric films, including the introduction of free radicals, crosslinking, and chain scission. These mechanisms can result in changes in the degree of crystallinity, crystallite size, and orientation of the polymer chains, which can affect the XRD pattern.
In some cases, the peak shift can be used to estimate the degree of crosslinking or chain scission in the polymeric material. However, interpreting peak shifts in XRD patterns of irradiated polymeric films can be challenging and may require additional analysis techniques to confirm the structural changes in the material.
References:
1. K. Bouchoucha, F. Guinneton, and M. Fontaine, "X-ray diffraction analysis of polyethylene irradiated in air or in vacuum," Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 85, pp. 2115-2122, 2002.
2. J. F. Scott and T. T. Xu, "X-ray diffraction studies of gamma irradiated and thermally annealed polyethylene," Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol. 33, pp. 1841-1849, 1995.
3. M. Arunachalam, V. K. Gupta, and P. K. Sehgal, "XRD and SEM studies of gamma irradiated LDPE," Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 74, pp. 249-252, 2005.
Please check the fully-ready preprint article DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27720.65287/3, Title: Qualitative Analyses of Thin Film-Based Materials Validating New Structures of Atoms
Ionizing radiations, like gamma rays, cause the formation of active chemical species (for instance: anions, cations, free radicals, and electrons) through ionization and excitation mechanisms. These species interact with each other, leading to three main processes: cross-linking, polymer chain scission, and oxidation. These processes alter the optical, electrical, and structural properties of the irradiated polymers relative to virgin sample depending on the energy and dose. Therefor, the XRD pattern changes following gamma irradiation. This can be considered as a key point in particular in nuclear electronics like failure of cables insulators.
please follow the following article:
Gamma rays irradiation effects in thin film polyethylene terephthalate polymer
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