Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAlc) will be expected to react with epoxy (to form ether) and carboxyl groups (to form ester) on graphene oxide, or hydrogen bond with hydroxyl groups on graphene oxide (GO) (these groups have been reported as being present on GO). Similarly PVAlc will be expected to hydrogen bond with oxygens of titanium dioxide (TiO2). An alternate preparation would be to form TiO2 on the surface of GO by precipitation in water solution, with GO dispersed so that the TiO2 is first complexed to graphene oxide. PVAlc will then be expected to interact with the combined TiO2–GO complex.