If we accept Big-Bang theory, what has been before that?
No space, no time, no mass, no energy, no momentum, no event, no sequence...??!!
Strictly speaking as it is not a question we can subject to a repeatable experiment, I doubt we can ever have a fully scientific answer to that :-)
In this paper, we argue that if there was a period in history when there was no space then time could not have existed either:
http://www.eleceng.adelaide.edu.au/personal/dabbott/publications/PLO_chappell2012c.pdf
But how can we claim with certainty that there never was any space?
Surely there was something which was somehow involved with BB. I like an idea of two colliding very large and spinning "particles".
This is exactly the kind of question that makes science so exiting in my opinion: we can ask it and we can expect (although we are not sure of that) that we could have an answer from a rational process.
Also, the problem of the origin of any particular event is fascinating since, at each time we find an explanation for its origin, we can wonder what was before... As a consequence, the singularity of time might not be worst to admit.
The phrase "before the Big Bang" (at least in the standard cosmology) has no meaning. Let me offer an analogy. Suppose you walk all the way to the North Pole and ask: What's north of the North Pole? Something? Nothing? Santa Claus? Then you realize that the phrase "North of the North Pole" is itself meaningless. The geometry of spacetime is such that the time coordinate cannot be continued beyond the initial singularity, just the same as you cannot go further north once you reach the North Pole.
That being said, there are non-standard cosmologies: e.g., cyclical cosmology in which the Big Bang, while dense and hot, was not infinitely dense and hot and was preceded by a contracting phase. In order for this to happen, though, various energy conditions must be violated, and many physicists don't believe that such violations are permissible.
Dear Toth
Again, I emphasize there is no space-time ,no energy, no mass,no plasma, no momentum, no event,no sequence,...??!! However. it is likely a matrix state when all parameters may be zero. What do you imagine?
Parviz: Let me repeat my example: what is north of the North Pole? Is the statement, "There is nothing north of the North Pole" true? Is "Santa Claus is north of the North Pole" true? Is the statement "There is no Santa Claus north of the North Pole" true? None of these statements can be decided because "north of the North Pole" makes no sense. It is a meaningless phrase. You might as well ask "what does a triangle smell like?" or "what is the color of the number 3?" These questions are not answerable because although the grammar is correct, the phrases mean nothing. The same way, "before the Big Bang" is a meaningless phrase (in the standard Big Bang cosmology.) I cannot say that "there is no space-time before the Big Bang" because I don't know what "before the Big Bang" means. The one thing we can say with certainty is that in the Big Bang cosmology, time itself began at the Big Bang, so any grammatical construct that references a time prior to the Big Bang is meaningless.
Dear Toth
Why do you limit yourself to an idea that restricts the creation such that it should take place just at a sudden event. Why do you restrict yourself to time singularity?Where have been hidden such a huge energy and mass that suddenly appear afterwards? Did they arise from nothing?In this case nothing is much powerful than anything.
Why should Big-Bang occur only once?
I beleive no Bing-Bang, eventhough smaller Big-Bangs continually occurs. I mean it occasionally happens somewhere in the universe. For instance, it may be just after each star explosion. The universe never dies or created. However it is dynamic and always changes. Universe exists for ever.
Parviz: I am not limiting myself to anything. I am telling you the meaning of the Big Bang in the standard cosmology. I also commented that there exist alternatives (e.g., cyclic cosmology).
As to what you or I "believe", well, Nature does not care. If we are interested in physics, we should be studying what Nature says, irrespective of our beliefs or philosophical prejudices.
Exactly Voth. The universe may follow cyclic cosmology. Is there a criteria to evaluate the validity of standard and cyclic cosmology?
Parviz: As I indicated earlier, cyclic cosmology is possible only if certain energy conditions are violated. In essence, in order to avoid the initial singularity, at one point in time the universe needed to be dominated by some exotic form of matter (e.g., negative mass). There are good reasons to think that such forms of matter are not permissible as they lead to runaway instabilities that we do not experience. So this would preclude the possibility of a cyclic cosmology... at least insofar as the classical theory goes. When you invoke quantum theory, all bets are off. Who knows what the universe was doing when its size was comparable to the Planck scale. So the door certainly remains open. Empirically, we cannot tell the difference based on present-day observations between a universe that started off very (but not infinitely) dense (as a result of a prior contracting phase) vs. a universe that began with an initial singularity representing infinite density.
If the expansion of universe is only deduced from doppler red shift of atomic transitions of remote suns that is measured on earth, it may be illusive. In fact, I can show you evidences that the red shifts usually appear in some fluorescense materials induced by laser (due to reabsorption-reemission phenomena ) just in a lab cell . If we add nanoparticles to the solution, then larger red shift will be detected by the spectrometer mainly due to longer photon random walk. I mean that the red shift by itself may not necessarily arise from doppler effect and consequently may not exhibit an expanding universe. We are simulating redshift in lab in stationary cells without ouward motion of emitters.
On the other hand, even we pressume the expanding universe to be an absolute fact, however it does not indicate the certain occurrence of Big- Bang.
As a result, I do not beleive Big Bang because of ;
1- If the only physical reason is red shift.
2-Where have been those huge energy and mass before: it contradicts universal mass-energy conservation.
3-Why should be everything created from nothing in a certain time origin?
4-Sudden creation of universe is hard beleived , while an ever-standing universe with parial Big-Bang events due to solar explosions etc., may be acceptable.
I am not a cosmologist. What are the vigorous evidences of expanding universe except Doppler red-shift?
@Charles. I would say that those equations are not "evidence." Many equations model different phenomena very well, but then do pathological things at the extrema. I would never trust any equation at the extrema :-)
If possible, please give me a list of events that supports Big-Bang and those which contradics with.
At least two phenomena that Big-Bang theory fails to answer:
1 - Dark energy:
Why the very distant supernovas are accelerating instead of slowing down (mainly due to universe mass)? It may arise from the dark energy. An unanswered question !
2- Initial inflation( incredible burst of expansion) :
Due to present homogenity of universe (thermal equilibrium), an initial inflation may have occurred just at the onset of Big-Bang. In this case, What has powered the initial inflation? An unanswered question !
Furthermore, the gravitational waves, can carry information that we can get no other way. It may be the only known form of information that can reach us undistorted from the instant of the Big- Bang. If gravitational waves can be detected. an unanswered question !
Therefore, something may cotradict Big-Bang.
Ref: Nasa Science-Astrophysics
Big-Bang Hisrory: ( Ref : Nasa Science-Astrophysics)
Just before the Big Bang : No one knows what the universe was like at this time. Best current theory: the "inflationary universe" model assumes that all of space is filled with an extremely concentrated, unstable form of energy that will be transformed into particles of matter at the instant of the Big Bang. But no one knows how space and time came into existence in the first place.
Instant of the Big Bang: Particles burst into existence. No one yet knows how this process takes place. From these particles will arise all the matter from which we and the universe around us are made. The matter and energy are so densely packed that 1 teaspoonful of space contains 100 million trillion trillion trillion pounds. We don't know what the larger universe is like very far beyond this small chunk. Scale of window: 1 inch across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion trillion pounds.
First 3 minutes : All the hydrogen atoms in the universe are formed now - including all the ones in your body. If the universe had remained this hot and dense for much longer, the hydrogen would all have been cooked into other chemical elements. Without hydrogen, there would be no water, and therefore no life as we know it. We understand the aftermath of the Big Bang very well. Scale of window: 330 trillion miles across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion trillion pounds.
300 thousand years: The universe rapidly expands and cools, but is still fiery hot. It contains only the simplest chemical elements, mostly hydrogen and helium. You can see the first hints of structure beginning to form. These slight clumps of matter will grow in size as their gravity attracts nearby matter. This is the earliest light we can detect in the universe. Scale of window: 500 thousand trillion miles across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion trillion pounds
100 million years: When the universe has cooled enough, there is no longer any visible light in the universe. The first stars have not yet formed. The universe is very lonely and very dark. Scale of window: 10 million trillion miles across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion trillion pounds.
A billion years: After well under a billion years, the first stars light up. They form galaxies - giant collections of stars held together by their mutual gravity - and clusters of galaxies. Scale of window: 60 million trillion miles across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion trillion pounds.
14 billion years: Entire galaxy or cluster of galaxies were formed - and each galaxy contains billions of individual stars and their planets. Scale of window: 590 million trillion miles across. Weight in this volume: 10 billion trillion trillion. trillion pounds.
If we accept Big-Bang theory, what has been before that?
No space, no time,no mass, no energy,no light, no momentum,no event, no sequence...??!!
Eventhough, according to the essay above " the inflationary universe model assumes that all of space is filled with an extremely concentrated, unstable form of energy that will be transformed into particles of matter at the instant of the Big Bang". Absolutely, I do not agree this because the existence of any form of energy before Big-Bang contradicts its singularity. Therefore, because of many unanswered questions, it looks like a science-fiction.
Dear Charles
I agree with you. However there are some difficulties to accept Big-Bang too. Again
What has been before Big-Bang ? Even energy could not exist.
Dear John
My question is not a sciense fiction but a fact of nature. The inflationary universe mode resembles not to answer the origin of life perfectly and may be partly a science fiction. However, inflation is an essential part of Big-Bang. Again, my question is open for any reasonable answer because to me , Big-Bang seems to be the creation of everything from nothing and it is not logic in principle.
Big-Bang as a singularity where all physics laws break down is interesting, but let imagine a world without rule, is it a world ? It is an unknown nothing nowhere.
My investigation around this theory is my right according to researchgate policy and you have the right to answer or do not. No body can definitely answer such a dilema, however does it mean not to share our understanings?? I have learned from you and many others to rearrange my knowledge for better insight of the universe. Physics and chemistry appear interestingly in astronomy , eventhough we could not answer properly a dominant event may be happened 14 billion years ago, however we utilize the findings today. I go on questioning Big-Bang from different aspects , perhaps by shuffling data and listening the feedbacks finally an improvement takes place.
Regards
Parvin
John
I do not agree with you because even you are master of mathematics you are not able to answer this question. Physics can be understood by experiments and meaurements. On the other hand , there are a few numbers of governing laws in physics and we know them well because of our job.
There are contadictions with Big-Bang as it was explained above and even you do not accept .
If you assure of Big-Bang ( and I do not), then this question still valid :
What has been before Big-Bang ?
Your answer: We do not know physics laws at that origin of time.
In this case, it resembles creation from nothing while mass-energy conservation law breaks!
Furthermore, why did Big-Bang singularity happen once and no more event took place during 14 billion years of the universe life?!
Ok. You did not answer my questions. I am not convinced.
However I appreciate your time you took in this Q&A.
Thank you.
Thank you. Big-Bang theory is perfect, There is no contradiction. No more question in this dilema. that is all !
Wisdom does not agree and I will summarize soon all comments here in Researchgate.
I wonder what " time " is? The Newton absolute time or relative Einstein time?
My question could not be meaningless since time is not absolute and the time origin of Big-Bang can not pressume to be absolute. If you assume Big-Bang occurs at the origin of time ( when the space- time is created ) , you may imagine negative time before creation of space-time.
@Parviz Here's the answer http://www.toebi.com/blog/theory-of-everything-by-illusion/time/
You are wrong John
Time may actually exist without space at least under certain theories. In Loop Quantum Gravity, for instance - Martin Bojowald has convincingly shown that the prior existence of Time would be a necessary condition for a Big Bang to be able to happen.
Ref: H Chris Ransford · Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
[Ref: Salvatore Capozziello, Valerio Faraoni, "Beyond Einstein Gravity"; ISBN 978-94-007-0164-9 Springer 2011]
1) The shortcomings of standard Big Bang model based on GR may be overcome by ETG (Extended Theories of Gravity) to explain inflationary behavior.
2) The related inflationary scenarios seem realistic and capable of matching the current observations of cosmic microwave background (GMB).
For Big Bang at time zero, there is no meaningful description exists and no description before the Planck time because of a lack of theory. It does not mean that there is nothing at time zero or before that?!
Dear Parviz.
This question is very interesting and the answer to it is at the most unsuspecting place! By understanding how the space works and the meaning of time, it describes the equations that justification because the electron has a mass that has value and not any other mass. and the equation has a term linked to speed and density of the site, where the electron is in space. this term allows to describe with absolute accuracy what is the big bang! In this view the universe oscillates in the physical and material means 100%, and 100% energy. when the space is in the 100% point mass it is seen as a singularity, is the big bang or a black hole, and is beyond the known equations of physics on Earth. But they exist and treating the problem very clearly. The solution requires an understanding of the geometry of space, and the meaning of what a particle and material and that and a wave. without this vision this question would not have a coherent answer, such as the big bang is illogical though it seems correct! But going forward the big bang and the vision that is the point where the universe of anti-matter turns into matter. and the same happened with this point we are today, in a few billion years. ie the universe and closed in on itself and we can not know when it began only those who have created this response, this response and the limit of physical and within the Godel's theorem. Here starts the religion because this addition of a theory that explains all this within this universe. In this view the universe and made of stacked membranes, and these membranes are made of strings. the universe of matter and intertwined with anti-matter. and the edges where the polarity inversion occurs, following a geometric form, Moebius loop, we see how the big bang in current physics. the inversion of one universe to another and generates as a highway of information in one direction and another, and that the origin of the confinement of quarks in protons and neutrons, which in turn creates an interference pattern that allows the electrons are walked on specific points the space creating the exclusion of Pauling. that is only possible to understand the macro and micro understanding also the reverse!
Dear Parviz.
Completed what we see today as dark energy and the structure of strings that builds the space. and really speeds up the matter, and when the matter reaches the speed of light, it seen by a privileged observer outside the universe, it changes polarity and the length of a string stretched it begins to return as a point. because the speed is almost zero at this point, although it is measured in the inertial reference point, this point will have the same reading 299792548 m / s. ie the speed of light in the universe seems fixed internally, but an observer outside the universe that it varies from almost zero to 299792458 m / s, its standard meter and standard clock.
This view makes it clear that exit, a creator, or as the religion calls God.
Perhaps we can simulate the Big-Bang in lab using very intense lasers. in another question I posted in RG :
"Can space be disrupted by means of extremely intense laser beams? "
Now, you find I am searching to understand the enigma of the nature through several questions including Gravity,Big-Bang, Time, Space disruption ,... posted in RG.
Funny Charles. The nature is old and persistent and nobody could destroy it because Nature has its own feedback against any strong stimulus. The nature is not so vulnerable that a lab laser can destroy the galaxy !!
Controversy against CERN that the current experiments can create the black hole is another skeptical opinion against modern science. You know that string theory is just a theory without any strong evidence of experimental proof. Just a theory!
Moreover in RG we discuss these topics to understand better the complexity of the nature. That is all. The progress of mankind arises from the new ideas and mutual discussions.
Dear Parviz .
You must have enough laser to break through the fabric of space an energy.
I stress that a black hole also has a character similar to the big bang because it is a point of tissue breakdown . Where matter flows into the parallel universe of anti - matter that is the bridge of Bose - Einstein but there is between our universe and a parallel , and imagination are not as many different points of this space .
The equations have a point to 13.07 Tev necessary to rupture the tissue , The advantage of a laser and he could open and close different from building a monopole , which existed until the edge of the hole brane the energy to disintegrate and recycle the universe of anti - matter . The LHC is the problem of creating a monopole , and with very low moment of inertia , which will be captured by Earth's gravity. in space he could protect the Earth from a collision with a large celestial body . Well enough to launch the monopole against the body and it would become a micro black hole that would be far less harmful than a collision . Because it would cross the land and would have less impact on the planet .
One thing is certain we will be here to see the end if my work is correct!
To know how will be the beginning of the end : when the LHC will be colliding protons at 13.07 Tev a collision occurred without emission of particles from the rain , and will think that the instruments are in trouble . The day this happens wait about 60 days and see the spectacle of the beginning of the end of humanity ! little miss so about 12 months, so we're not talking about a distant event , it is a shame that after the process starts you can not do anything by humanity .
Dear Charles.
Rest assured that the maximum that man can destroy the earth and, by this time! even if the black hole created by the LHC is the space station will be outside the event horizon, or point of no return. it and they will have time to tell the human story in a loose message in the space for others not commit the folly!
Dear Charles.
If you worry about the risk of lhc a look at the result of the algebraic theory of strings that did, and tell me if it has the possibility of being wrong work.
Since it simplifies the equations of physics and turn all 4 numerical values and with absolute precision!
In my understanding it is impossible for this to occur if the wrong equations describing the so-called constants of physics.
What is your opinion?
You need the equivalent energy of billions of single operational nuclear power reactors to destroy the earth! What about the galaxy destruction? You need an unimaginable power and energy!!
The power of today lab lasers do not exceed MW, usually several KW and Max energy of each pulse usually less than few KJ max, useful for industrial applications and some ICF experiments. That of fs lasers using CPA limits to TW (mJ/pulse, 10 fs) or even using a chain of amplifiers, can be amplified to PW while each photon energy is ~ 1 eV. Let compare with TeV that may be necessary for tissue rupture. I do not assure the single photon energy is negligible while total beam energy may be max ~ PW. On the other hand, I believe the natural frequencies of string may contribute the rupture but we are far from the corresponding energy required !
In order to obtain better estimation, we need to understand wether the energy of TeV is attributed to a single particle , then using laser beam TeV is supplied by many photons. Drastic difference and I expect Jorge comments to clarify this.
I explain a fact I found out through experiments. Visit my paper available in RG explaining the photo dissociation of SF6 molecules which are very strong and stable molecules because of strong binding of high electronegative fluorine atoms with sulphur. Hence it is used as high voltage insulation because it possesses high breakdown voltage. I mean it resists against electric breakdown as hi has several tens of kV per cm much higher than that of air. Surprisingly, this durable molecule against intense electric field can be easily dissociated by a tuned laser beam. In fact, SF6 is vulnerable to the decomposition during the irradiation of 10.6 micron coherent photons from a pulsed CO2 laser ( ~ 35 photons can break SF6 based on multiphoton excitation / dissociation where the equivalent energy of each photon is equal to molecular vibrational transitions).
I come back to our discussion, The scenario may drastically change if we excite the strings at their natural frequencies. According to the length of strings may you calculate the vibrational modes?
Dear Parviz
The string has a length of stretched 7.38359787075 x10 -14 meters
and a diameter of " 2.06474531657 x10 -43 m"
at a density of x10 1.58315370265 39 kg / m
These are the basic data string that builds the universe .
This object is possible to derive all the laws of physics. and show why each energy has the value it has and each particular mass we know .
This object protrudes into our universe as a constant magnetic permeability and electrical permittivity of space . Obvious that the projection and outcome of dynamic interactions of " string " , and its forms of vibration.
But as Dr. Parviz wrote a laser is far away from being able to do damage to planet earth ! The LHC continuously consumes 100 MW of power . the largest known laser station in this trying https://life.llnl.gov/ nuclear fusion which is something like a star on the ground , to break the space would be similar to a giant star collapsing energy , which crushes neutral , and rips the space .
Dear Charles.
Unfortunately I'm not kidding!
And I have a very large degree of certainty in what I have written!
Dear Parviz
I've been thinking and I think it is possible you do an experiment to prove the existence of a parallel universe.
You have laser Q-SWITCHED good intensity. If the laser beam is applied to 90% of a beam of slow neutrons, the vacuum will increase the rate of decay of the neutron. and this rate increase will have a transfer function of relative intensity of the laser beam, even though the energy of a photon has a few ev. In practice it would be using the pressure of the photos to push the neutron to another universe where he would suffer collisions with strength necessary to make it decay into a proton, electron anti-neutrino. So measuring the flow of electrons would be possible to know the rate of decay of neutrons.
Charles ,If this discussion is not pleasant for you why do you continue commenting here?
Jorge , According to your valuable data of string length, I estimate the fundamental resonance wavelength (Lambda=2L/q) that should be roughly ~ 14.6*10 -14 m or ~ 1.4 *10 -3 A. Then, the equivalent photon energy for string excitation is ( E eV= 12400/ lambda A), or ~ 8.85 MeV. That is a gamma photon energy.
Result: If we activate the strings with the coherent gamma laser beam then even each photon may induce resonance of each string. However, in order to achieve a collective effect ,a high energy gamma laser is needed. It is not available with the present technology yet. You may visit my another question posted in RG around the likelihood of implementing gamma laser.
Furthermore, Note that to my knowledge , in order to disrupt the space by laser not only high energy laser is essential but also the laser wavelength should be at MeV range. It is an instrument of future ?!
Dear Jorge
Interesting idea to employ Q-witched laser to verify this theory with eV photons. Let me to repeat my assessment to reply you properly. You may check the idea for string vibration however with gamma photons even in theory point of view. By the way , I insert part of this discussion on the string physical properties in my another post :"can space be disrupted using intense laser" . Off- course with your permission?!
Dear Parviz,
I am honored by their willingness to test the theory, I can collaborate can count on me!
No doubt it is necessary a laser ray range to directly excite the strings!
I will examine other ways to test the theory that sound?
Dear Charles.
It's unfortunate the way you see the world!
Therefore can be sure that one day will remember this text!
You do not even know who I am.
And very dangerous to assume a position of knowing the absolute truth!
Humility is a basic predicate in science!
You have no idea where you can get the job done!
Dear Parviz.
You agree to meet in Moscow at the beginning of the month of July?
I think we have a lot to talk personally.
I love being challenged.
There is an arrogance in said first countries in the world that I believe it's time for change!
Charles
I have worked with photons for 30 years and I confess I still do not know their nature.
Now string is added and I do not know the concept too.
1- Photon - photon interaction may be sensible using very intense laser beams because of very low cross- section.
2- The present theories of Physics do not determine the capacity of the empty space for intense light propagation. it is not certainly infinity, hence we need new theory to estimate the threshold of space disruption . String theory may contribute to find a solution.
Dear Jorge
It is time for change indeed ! thank you for support and contribution.
Another evidence for the alteration of properties of empty space (vaccum) appears in Nonlinear Optics:
The optical nonlinearity is typically only observed at very high light intensities (values of the electric field comparable to interatomic electric fields, typically 100 V/m) as those provided by pulsed lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the VACCUM itself is expected to become nonlinear versus intense laser fields.[Wikipedia].
Dear Parviz.
Your state seeks energy, nuclear fission and dirty and dangerous.
With all the detailed fabric of space is easy to find a viable way to make nuclear fusion. If you believe min as I make this a reality! Experiment with neutrons and laser, and you believe in what I know, set up a meeting in Moscow at the beginning of the month of July. My wife speaks several languages and served as a translator for us.
What do you think?
Dear Jorge
Since we do not know the nature of " time" and lack of current physics in Big-Bang, opposite of others, I say we do not know what happened just at the t=0 and before creation of spacetime, there is no reason not to have TIME flow.
In summary, if space and time are independent according to Gallilian transform, then it would be possible that TIME exists independent of space. Conversely, based on Lorentz transform, time and space may be dependent to each other. According to Einstein's spacetime, TIME and SPACE coexist. However, at the onset of Big-Bang, Galllilian or Loerntz trasforms do not hold and we can not apply these concept at the initiation time. I conclude that TIME may have existed before Big-Bang. In this case Big-Bang may take place at a definite instant and not at t=0, because there is no initiation TIME.
The string theory may contribute to clarify this, where higher dimensions squeeze to 4 dimentions (t,x,y,z).
Your comments is appreciated if sting theory may contribute to reply this question.
Gamma photons (>1.1 MeV) may induce pair-production (electron-positron generation) in the presence of another atom to satisfy momentum coseration law.
In the empty space (high vaccum), we do not expect the pair-production. Tissue disruption by intense laser at certain wavelength is something else (a distinct idea). LHC uses higher energy particles to collide the others and detect new elementary particles subsequently.
In comparison, the intense laser beam may be focused (i) at the target to create micro plasma or (ii) upon a location in vaccum, where no plasma takes place but we think the disruption may occur (it is only an image at the moment) : To determine the laser energy threshold for space- disruption ( analogy of air breakdown -PLASMA FORMATION).
I emphasize that laser induced micro- plasma formation is quite different from so called -laser induced space tissue disruption in nano-micro size.
Dear Parviz
The definition of time given by Einstein, which uses the Lorentz transform to allow spatial cordenadas 4 relate to each other in different inertias references, are perfectly correct.
However it is correct to who is within the universe.
For those outside this time does not exist.
It is only the transit time information between two points in space.
And this contest information is meant as a transverse wave on vibrating strings. This influence and quantum well worth 3.71140109213 x10 -26 seconds.
That is all that can be measured in terms of time and multiple of this value.
In this view there is no time without space.
but it is also impossible as far as I understand how many cycles of polarity reversal universe already suffered.
So who created the machine knows the number of cycles, perhaps to deepen the model is in some detail the evolution of the processes within the universe a way to estimate this time.
But for now I have no idea if it's possible to have this estimate.
You have to do a very detailed analysis of the singularity point inversion between Branes. What is now called the cosmic egg which is believed to have emerged the big bang. This work was recently published on gravitational waves in space is nothing but the distribution of matter, antimatter in the universe. For the sides of the membrane are interconnected. and why we suggest you experiment with neutrons. A neutron has a neutral balance of motion strings, but suffers Working pressure they exert on it. with this he can escape from one side of the membrane, the other for a few moments. be expelled until it depending on the direction of movement is opposite to it on this side of the universe. But these collisions finish making it decay.
Dear Charles.
You think you're so knowledgeable, but I doubt they even learn to demonstrate the origin of the theory of relativity, from which stems. because I do not know if you know own Einsteins could never make this statement!
If Einstein were here surely understand the work I did. But this great and not for small minds. The little ones are fans! great players!
Dear Charles .
About laser frequency , to remember that according to the work of Planck energy and equal frequency multiplied by Planck's constant. I also remember that 1 electron volts must be converted to joules before making such a calculation . thus 1.1 mev equals 1.602176566 x 10 -19 joule multiplied by 1100000 = 1.762394222 x 10 -13 joules that Planck constant divided by 6.62606957 x 10 -34 joules = 2.659788286 x 10 + 20 hertz . Frequency that far above the current possibilities of the laser.
is laser eximer or free electron . so this type of photon is in radiotivas disintegration and cosmic rays . and one of the lasers of shorter wavelength has recently been created and is in the range of x -rays , doi : 10.1038/nature10721 with 849 ev energy . ie the science is in the trez minimum orders of magnitude of one gamma ray laser ! also has this latest solid-state laser pumped with free electron laser doi : 10.1038/nature12449 that in the range of 100 ev .
Dear Charles
There is no gamma laser in practice, however it may be feasible using FEL concept. The free electron lasers have potential to emit shorter wavelenghths.
You may visit my question posted in RG pertaining X and Gamma lasers.
To my knowlege Tissue is a string theory creature and can not be understood throough quantum theory. Tisssue may be in accordance to Einstein's spacetime curvature, both are not sensible !! perhaps an effect that emerges squeezing the higher dimensions of universe?!
I am not expert of string theory, Jorge's comments is appreciated to clarify my assertion.
Dear Parviz.
I'll try without good purpose.
Neils Bohr once said: If you think you understand quantum mechanics and why not understand anything!
I have the utmost respect for Einstein, Max Planck and Niels Bohr. And I agree that quantum mechanics can not be understood without understanding what it this low.
Also agree that most string theorists lost their way. But this does not mean that the theory was wrong. Only it was approached in the wrong way. The M theory in 11 dimensions and totally disconnected from reality. Maldaceno made some progress to show that the theory of a component of M-theory, which are 5, led to a holographic universe. Had a job in 1921 to Kaluza-Klein theory, which is correct but lacked the understanding of geometric strings and space. but still it shows that in 5 dimensions and gravity eletromagnetismos are part of the same mathematical structure. Thus can be sure that I fully dominate the quantum mechanics theory of relativity and the history of string theories. And the theory that has got many parts of several but it is neither of them. Einstein himself wrote in 1917, shortly after the publication of the general theory of relativity, that the final theory would have to be built from scratch and it would be nothing like the others. And just this phrase I and humility I already consider him as one of the greatest scientists who ever lived!
On the description of the theory and interacting with others: It should be seen first. Since the strings geometrically construct the space and particles.
this and the description of the hardware of a computer. as the logic circuits of a modern computer.
Then there's the operating system that are the basic instructions that control the hardware . that in string theory that made this linked to modes of wave propagation on the geometry created with the strings . These are two modes , one that understands how transverse speed of light and a longitudinal which is understood as the effect of the distance quantum mechanics , spooky action at a distance .
This machine and its system operacinal born that quantum mechanics is a theory of finite elements of string theory , ie it covers only the borders without analyzing what's inside the border . and theories of relativity that shows how the system behaves globally. ie the result of an endless number of basic calculations , this human and cosmic level . however all possible equations of the universe are derived from the basic string operations . and I posted some calculations here an example of how the traditional equations of physics , are transformed when in its version string . and to take any debt demonstrate how to derive the theory of relativity from quantum mechanics written in 4 lines ! Once julgen me whatever you want but only have an open mind will understand what I am!
Let us summarize some points as below :
1- The optical properties of free space changes at very high light intensities ( values of the electric field 10^6 V/m, comparable to interatomic electric fields, typically 100 V/m) using the intense pulsed lasers. Above the Schwinger limit, the refraction index of VACCUM may alter according to n-eff = n1+n2* I ,where n1 and n2 denote to be linear and nonlinear refraction index and I is the incident laser beam intensity. This indicates that free space responds to the high values of electric field differently. Therfore, the free space should be made up of something: formerly Aether, then Einstein curvature, today Tissue and String.
2- According to string length,diameter and density given above:
L= 7.38359787075 x10 -14 meters
Wavelength-natural of string =2L/q , q is an integer
Wavelength - fundamental (at q=1) : Lambda = 2 * 7.38359787075 x10 -14 meters= 14.766*10 -14 m =1.4766*10 -13 m= 1.4766*10 -3 A, then
Equivalent photon energy = E(eV)=h* f or E(eV)=12400 /lambda(A)
Where A is Angetrum.
E(eV)= 12400/ 1.4766*10 -3 = eV= 8.397 MeV
Then, the strings may be excited with ~ 8.4 MeV photons if photon-string interaction leads to string resonance. The photon energy should exactly match the natural frquency of the strings.
3- There is no criteria to determine the limit of light propagation through free space. Based on item (1), it can not sustain infinitely higher laser energy and power. This criteria may be derived from string formalisms.
4 - I may propose two ways for space disruption by means of laser: (i) very intense laser beam at focal point in vacuum. (ii) low intense beam at string resonance frequency equivalent to ~ 8.4 MeV photon energy.
5- If this theory is right then disruption takes place in nano or micron size based on multi photon excitation of strings. The nature of feedback may repair the disruption. However, before repairing, to my knowledge part of particles (photons) may disappear into so- called parallel universe.
6- Jorge suggests to employ a Q-sw laser to forward the slow neutrons to another parallel universe inducing them to decay into proton and electrons where we can detect the electron flux accordingly.
7- I define "Tissue" as the geometrical interface of any object with free space ( vaccum ). A focused beam at a spot volume defines that interface which may be broken due to the collective effects of the photon-photon interaction, the resonance of Tissue ( strings as its building blocks) and the nonlinear optics.
Finally, the success of the experiments above may validate the string theory.
Dear Parviz.
My congratulation you realized what you said!
It will be easy to pass you in the future as Constructs the universe!
I actually do not have a teacher profile, I'm a technology entrepreneur, together we can become the accepted theory and proven. Besides having to teach the didactic theory.
Thank you for your support!
I have much to teach, including because a photon with appropriate energy emerges as a particle. During these 4 years of work put on paper all the necessary knowledge to understand 100% everything in the universe!
I'll send you a working laboratory on neutral that will help you in the experiments.
Thank you!
Jorge
Dear Parviz.
This work with neutrons is a very strong evidence of the existence of the universe of anit-matter on the opposite side of the brane made of strings.
Jorge
Jorge
I may assign one of my student to work on the relation of string theory and laser to demonstrate the valdity of discussion above and your collaboration is appreciated.
Dear Parviz.
As collaborated I can can count on me.
If the theory is correct, we have about 12 months to avoid a point of no return for the planet.
And I have great certainty that this is entirely correct, but the calculations are not enough science must prove with experiments.
I am very happy with your support, you will not regret it.
Understand how the universe works, opens the doors of the universe for humanity.
Many thanks once more.
I hope this is the first of many projects.
Jorge
Dear Parviz.
The big bang was like a white hole, opposite the point of departure of the black hole of a bose-einteins bridge between the two universes. ie would the mouth and exit a wormhole.
There are two theories pertaining the existence of Time:
1- Time has existed before Big-Bang. ( Time has ever existed from eternity to perpetuity)
2- Time was created just at the onset of Big-Bang.
There are a couple of fundamental questions:
1- Physics laws created Big-Bang.
2- Big-Bang crated Physics laws.
There are another theory explaining how to create the universe based on quantum vacuum.
In fact , according to this theory, the universe has been created through quantum tunneling from naught . In this case, no need to emphasize on Big-Bang!
Before Big Bang was a brief period of cool. Generally Big Bang is considered to be a hot Big Bang. For hot big bang, you need fire. Fire is produced by friction. For friction you need two or more objects rubbing each other. So there were two or more cool objects before the big bang. When photon first appeared on the big bang time line, that was the origin of fire. So what was the nature of cool objects before the big bang? These objects were capable of emitting photons. I don't think photon existed right from the beginning. With respect to the curved space time of General Relativity, most of the physicists are in a confused state of mind. They are neither able to explain it, nor give it up. Negative energy of the space-time fabric and non detection of gravitational waves have compounded the problem. These concepts are based on the zero energy universe theory which states that the positive and negative energy in the universe are equal. This is as far as they can go in explaining the origin of the energy. Another thing they cannot explain is the origin of consciousness which we see all around us. Most physicists beleive that Consciousness is not an independent quality but arose as a natural evolutionary consequence of the biological adaptation of brains and nervous systems. And they are very much opposed to the idea that Consciousness has always been in the universe and it is not a quality. The third thing that plagues the physicists is the time which is also your last question. The problem of time associated with the Wheeler DeWitt equation and the Hartle Hawking Wavefunction of the universe is well known. All these problems could be solved in following manner.
We have to accept that space-time is an illusion. There is no negative energy and therefore no gravitational waves. Consciousness (Spirit, the fundamental substance of the universe) has always existed. This consciousness is perfectly motionless (zero mass gap). It is all pervasive, infinite and indivisible. When it begins to move, it creates waves. These waves have wavelengths and periods. This creates illusion of space-time. When the consciousness begins to move, it gets transformed into energy. So energy is always in motion and the time begins when the first motion takes place. The process is reversible. Neither consciousness, nor energy can ever be destroyed. In that sense universe is eternal. The connection between infinite consciousness and the individual minds of living beings is like that between the pentograph of a locomotive and the overhead power supply cable. Pentograph move with the locomotive but the power supply cable remains stationary. All fundamental particles of physics also have a rudimentary life. (There is a very famous saying in India. Kan Kan me Bhagvan. Meaning, God in every particle.) The following article and the references there in give more details about the theory and formalism.
Article Unified field of consciousness
Dear Parviz
Our understanding of the universe is based on the principle that the behavior of matter and energy in all the universe like the Earth.
If we want to ignore this principle, may be confusion, without any significant scientific result.
In addition, there is no reason that an electron or photon, in a galaxy far, something different from the Earth.
We know many physicists had been working hard to find a unified field theory. Also, they predicated many interesting theories. In this field hardest efforts had belonged to String Theory. After long year’s research and thought, I have understood any effort for finding a unified theory without considering conversion of the force and energy does not have any considerable success. In fact there is a unified force/particle in nature. In other words, Force and Energy are convertible. Also according to Relativity, mass and energy are equivalent. So, Force, Energy and Mass are three manifests of a unified entity. And it leads us to change our perception about force, energy and mass.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280626794_Unified_Force_Energy_and_Mass?ev=prf_pub
For long time seemed the Friedmann equation is able to explain universe, but in recent years, the cosmological constant was of interest to cosmologists. However, these two equations are unable to explain before the Big Bang. Thus this paper, from a new approach, turns out to merge the fundamental principles of quantum physics, relativity and classical mechanics through a new definition of rest state of particles like photon, and attempts to present the reasons and the possibilities of the existence of the superluminal speeds. So according to this new view some complex concepts and unanswered questions is explained in this paper.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279446746_Graviton_and_cosmology_equations_before_the_Big_Bang?ev=prf_pub
In classical mechanics, time is something that passes uniformly regardless of whatever happens in the world. For this reason Newton spoke of absolute space and absolute time. On the other hand, Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity predicted that time does not flow at a fixed rate: moving clocks appear to tick more slowly relative to their stationary counterparts. Quantum mechanics does not neglect the time either. In standard model, photon does not experience time. Some new theories suggest that time does not exist at the quantum level. The study of the quantum universe shows us that time does not exist. It shows us that time is a function of relativity only and exists relative to some arbitrary point of reference. Whatever else may be said about time, one thing is certain, it defies definition. The best we can say is that we all know what time is, intuitively. The Seventh Edition of Webster's Collegiate Dictionary tells us that time is "the measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or condition exists or continues." Of course, what the lexicographer has done here is to tell us that time is defined by its measurement and that measurement is of a period during which something occurs. He has not told us what time really is? In fact it is the definition of a clock. What is the nature of physical time, really? In this paper, I have tried to answer this question.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279531060_Graviton_physical_time_and_thermodynamics?ev=prf_pub
Article Unified Force, Energy and Mass
Article Graviton and cosmology equations, before the Big Bang
Article Graviton: physical time and thermodynamics
Dear Husein
Dear Vikram
Time is correlated to the sequence and the causal effect. Without Time, the causal effect disappears and there is no sequence for the occurrence of events, then all events simultaneously take place!
Perhaps that was situation before Big-Bang!
Dear Parviz
Our experiences about time come from clocks. There is no time without a clock. Newton thought there is a clock that shows absolute time in universe, and time is something that passes uniformly regardless of whatever happens in the world. Einstein showed running of clocks depends on velocity and intensity of gravity. From the viewpoint of an observer outside the black hole, time stops, but what stops, is a clock running. A man is a clock, and this makes us get an image of time different from a clock. No one is able to think about time without imagining a clock. Time without clock is never imaginable. Time is a name for a clock running the same as motion for an object's movement. We are able to resolve many historical problems of time by this conception about time and clock.
BEFORE Big bang....
We use the word "before" for expressing sequence of time. If we accept the Big Bang theory then we should accept that the time appeared just after the moment of Big Bang and it is a parameter that only rules in our own universe. So we can not even use the word "before" for it because time did not exist.
We can simply say that before the Big Bang there was NOTHING.
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Physics