Greetings researchers. I am a Ph.D. scholar and I want to go through a Ph.D. research thesis which could guide me regarding the correct methodology of scale or tool development to measure an anxiety. I will be grateful to you for your cooperation in this respect. Thanks.
You could simply use a standardized measure such as the Beck Anxiety scale. If necessary you could standardize the scale in the language and culture of your participants. Herewith are examples of studies using the Beck Anxiety Scale with Zulu students who are taught in English as well as an example of a Spirituality Scale standardized in South Africa.
The simplest approach would be a self-report inventory. If you want to construct your own such scale, begin by examining widely accepted descriptions of anxiety - for example, in the International Classification of Diseases and/or David Barlow's "Anxiety and its disorders" and/or psychodynamic writings on the subject. Extract specific statements about the inner experience and reported symptoms. Use them as your item pool. Aim for about twice as many items as you will want in the final scale. Administer this set of items to a pilot sample. Run item analyses (such as corrected item-whole correlations) to eliminate weak items, then have a fresh sample complete the revised scale. You'll also want to think of a good validity study.
Do remember that such inventories already exist. If there is not a good one in Urdu, then maybe a translation project would make more sense. Include collection of local norms and it would be valuable!
An alternative would be to work on a semi-structured interview and a set of clinical ratings; something like the Hamilton Rating Scale.
A useful book can help you to find the answers about scale and the operationalization of latent constructs.(Two versions of the book: French and English):
· Frikha Azza (2019), La mesure en marketing : opérationnalisation des construits latents, édition ISTE, London UK.
· Frikha Azza (2019), Measurement in marketing: operationalization of latent constructs, co-edition ISTE-Wiley, London UK-Hoboken USA.
You can also find the different chapters of the book from Wiley publisher.
Here are some links:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?AllField=azza+frikha
https://iste-editions.fr/products/la-mesure-en-marketing
https://www.amazon.fr/mesure-en-marketing-Azza-Frikha/dp/1784055697
https://www.amazon.fr/Measurement-Marketing-Operationalization-Latent-Constructs/dp/1786304627/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=9781786304629&linkCode=qs&qid=1570923296&s=books&sr=8-1
Hi Syed, I use Rasch Analytics to develop my measures. Here's a link to a paper with the TPQ developmenbt process -
https://www.academia.edu/35955897/SCALE_CONSTRUCTION_OF_THE_TOWNSEND_PERSONALITY_QUESTIONNAIRE_UTILISING_THE_RASCH_UNIDIMENSIONAL_MEASUREMENT_MODEL_A_MEASUREMENT_OF_PERSONALITY?source=swp_share
Also, I developed a report based on Dr Peter Lovibond's Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS42) that you can access if you need something for research immediately - http://skillworxafrica.com/portfolio-item/depression-anxiety-stress-scale-dass-42/
If your research simply requires the use of a scale, the advice of others to use or translate an existing scale would seem to be the easiest route.
However, your question implies that part of the dissertation research involves actually creating a scale of your own. In that case, a logical approach would be to consult the DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria to develop item s that capture the various constructs involved in defining the level of anxiety meeting diagnostic criteria. For example, the DSM-5 has largely dimensional criteria for various forms of anxiety that would provide a means of documenting whether an individual might qualify for diagnoses for various types of anxiety and at what level of severity.
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