What role do microbes play in compost breakdown and role of microbes in the production and breakdown of organic matter?
les microbes consomme l'azote organique et rejette pour les plantes les restes, alors la vitesse de la minéralisation de l'azote sera élevée . @
Microbes constitute a vital component of biotic factors that influence breakdown of organic matter. thay utilize nitrogeneous protein to multiply to critical masses that subsequently break down the carbon content in organic matter. it, therefore, becomes important to observe the C:N ratio of a decomposing material to ensure a good baance.
dans le cadre de mon étude le rapport carbone/azote est à 12 dans les boues de potabilisation d'eau utilisé comme amendement de sol
Я бы начал с того, как мы определяем вклад вклад бактерий в разложение органического вещества? Если по выделению СО2, то важно учесть, что по крайней мере в почве, выделение СО2 коррелирует с содержанием органического вещества в ней. Следовательно обобщать все бактерии мы не можем. Необходимо разделять их на целлюлозодеструктирующие и синтезирующие (автотрофные).
Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microbial biomass is the living component of soil organic matter, and microorganisms are the catalysts for most nutrient-releasing processes. They make it possible for crops to grow and for soils to be productive. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidise the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. As microbes are the carbon and nutrient mediators and, by reacting with abiotic conditions in the soil, they result in the formation of humus. The fixation of nitrogen in the plant root zone and the plant cellular metabolism in photosynthesis and respiration are also affected by humus. Bacteria, fungi and a few other microorganisms initiate the process of decomposition and are known as decomposers. They feed on dead organisms to survive. The decaying and dead animals and plants serve as the raw materials which, on the breakdown, produce nutrients, carbon dioxide, and water, etc.
In general, bacteria play an important role in the decomposition of compost as well as the cycling of organic materials. They break down complicated organic compounds into simpler forms, which results in the release of nutrients and the production of compost, which is an amendment to the soil that is rich in nutrients. Composting processes can be improved, as can the health of the soil, if one takes the time to learn about and encourage the activity of the microorganisms involved.
Microorganisms live in soil and decompose organic matter and detritus in various ways. Microorganisms release nutrients from organic matter during decomposition, some dissolve minerals to release nutrients, while other microorganisms bring subsurface soil, and nutrients, to the surface for plants to use. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. The first industrially produced microbial enzymes were obtained from the fungal amylase in the year 1896 and were used to cure indigestion and several other digestive disorders. By far the most important microscopic decomposers are bacteria, which do the lion's share of decomposition in the compost heap. But there are other microscopic creatures such as actinomycetes, fungi, and protozoa that also play an important role. Decomposition of organic matter involves four component processes: photo-oxidation, leaching, comminuting, and mineralization. Arthropods are key factors influencing comminuting and mineralization. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidize the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. In composting, microorganisms break down organic matter and produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. The result is a richer soil that improves plant growth and health. Here is a brief look at the microorganisms that are most important to composting. Microorganisms are essential to soil formation and soil ecology because they control the flux of nutrients to plants, promote nitrogen fixation, and promote soil detoxification of inorganic and naturally occurring organic pollutants. Beneficial soil microbes perform fundamental functions such as nutrient cycling, breaking down crop residues, and stimulating plant growth. While the role of microbes to maintain soil health and contribute to crop performance is clear, the soil biological component is extremely difficult to observe and manage.
Les microbes sont nombreux autour de nous, ils participent aux différentes étapes de réaction en aérobie (présence d'oxygène). Ils sont là pour aider la fermentation et on peut dire faciliter les processus métaboliques qui ma foi prennent du temps.
Comme pour l’être humain les microbes facilitent les dégradations et les mécanismes de synthèses dans la digestion (exemple pour la flore intestinale).
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. Life cannot exist without them - they are everywhere, in soil, water, air, in animals, plants, rocks and the human body. In composting, microorganisms break down organic matter and produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. Composting is a biological process during which naturally occurring microorganisms, bacteria and insects break down organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings and certain kitchen scraps into a soil-like product called compost. It is a form of recycling, a natural way of returning needed nutrients to the soil. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidize the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. Microbes decompose and recycle the dead but microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals.However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Composting is a biological process during which naturally occurring microorganisms, bacteria and insects break down organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings and certain kitchen scraps into a soil-like product called compost. It is a form of recycling, a natural way of returning needed nutrients to the soil. Bacteria play an important role in decomposition of organic materials, especially in the early stages of decomposition when moisture levels are high. In the later stages of decomposition, fungi tend to dominate. Bacillus subtitles and Pseudomonas fluorescens are examples of decomposer bacteria. Microbes are also used for the industrial production of certain organic acids. Citric acid was the first discovered organic acids from microbial fermentation of lemon – a citrus fruits. Organic acids are also produced directly from glucose. Organic matter decomposition is largely an enzymatic process. Constitutional enzymes are produced by microbial cells, irrespective of the substrate in the environment; inducible enzymes are formed in the presence of a specific substrate. Further, an enzyme may metabolize its substrate within or outside the cell. Bacteria/fungi secreting enzymes out of their cells into the soil or dead organism. The enzymes digest the organic material. This is known as extracellular digestion as it happens outside the cells. The products of digestion are absorbed by the bacteria/fungi. The soil microorganism, fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, differ in their respective abilities to decompose organic matter, tolerate drought and other forms of stress, their numbers and biomass in the soil, and in the other functions that they perform in the soil. Organic matter decomposition serves three functions for the micro flora: (i) providing energy for growth, (ii) supplying carbon for the formation of cell material, and (iii) providing other nutrient, elements needed for cell growth.
Bonsoir
Merci pour ce rapport très pédagogique assez détaillé du monde microbien ( visible au microscope, bactéries, virus, champignons microscopiques) et leur rôle relativement connu.
Il ne faut pas oublier qu'ils sont là parmi nous depuis des millions d'années. De toutes les façons les études scientifiques peuvent apporter encore quelques connaissances supplémentaires et éventuellement nous éclairer sur leurs multiples fonctions en général et celui du compostage d'une manière particulière.
Organic matter decomposition is largely an enzymatic process. Constitutional enzymes are produced by microbial cells, irrespective of the substrate in the environment; inducible enzymes are formed in the presence of a specific substrate. Further, an enzyme may metabolize its substrate within or outside the cell. Bacteria/fungi secreting enzymes out of their cells into the soil or dead organism and the enzymes digest the organic material. This is known as extracellular digestion as it happens outside the cells. The products of digestion are absorbed by the bacteria/fungi. The process of organic matter decomposition includes the physical breakdown of substrate and the biochemical transformation of complex organic molecules into simpler organic and inorganic molecules. The soil microorganism, fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria, differ in their respective abilities to decompose organic matter, tolerate drought and other forms of stress, their numbers and biomass in the soil, and in the other functions that they perform in the soil. An organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter is called a decomposer. Decomposers receive their nutrition by attaching to dead or decaying matter, and then they release digestive enzymes to break the matter down. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorbs enzymes and their substrates. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidise the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralisation is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. The bacteria that decompose organic wastes are called anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic digestion is a sequence of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce fuels.
Bonsoir Dr. Rk Naresh
A propos de ces microbes, il est connu que certains sont nuisibles (causant certaines nuisances, maladies qui contaminent), alors que d'autres s'avèrent bénéfiques, l'exemple du rhizobium (azotobacter qui fixent l'azote atmosphérique / nodosité) qui existent dans les racines des espèces végétales (famille des légumineues ou Fabacées). On peut citer également les champignons microscopiqjues (pénicillium- italicum et digitatum) nécessaires pour un antibiotique (pénicilline).
Chez le compost (amendement organique), les microorganismes semblent favoriser les réactions pour l'aboutissement des NO2 (nitites) et des NO- 3 (nitrates), enfin tout cet ensemble d'éléments fertilisants (sans entrer dans les détails) participent aux réactions biochimiques pour aboutir finalement à notre humble connaissance à cet engrais naturel (compost).
Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidize the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. It is generally assumed to be a natural process, which differentiates it from composting. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drive the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Here in, microorganisms are the bio-agents that degrade cellulose and lignin components within the waste matrix. These indigenous micro florae, likely generate higher enzymatic levels that ultimately pace up the composting process. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. They perform a valuable service as Earth's cleanup crew. Without decomposers, dead leaves, dead insects, and dead animals would pile up everywhere. Imagine what the world would look like! More importantly, decomposers make vital nutrients available to an ecosystem's primary producers usually plants and algae. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter.
Bonsoir
Le compost est un produit résultant des déchets organiques divers. La présence des micro organismes est fortement exprimé. Cet élément fertilisant subit les réactions de fermentation de putréfaction.
Il doit été exposé à l'air libre avant d’être enfui dans le sol et remplir sa fonction connue. Il se minéralise assez rapidement et donc atteindra les systèmes racinaires par les éléments trophiques les plantes ou les cultures pour leur permettre de produire et de voir leur rendement augmenter, il s'agit de l'Azote, du Phosphore et de la potasse NPK. Les processus biochimiques et microbiologiques sont nombreux. Les résultats des différents travaux de recherche sont là pour prouver à ma connaissance que le compost réussi dans le milieu grâce à ces microbes (visibles à fort grossissement x 600 fois). Il y a encore des connaissances à présenter. Nous contenterons de cet exposé aujourd'hui. Bonne soirée.
Dr. Rk Naresh vous aussi vous êtes à remercier également pour vos commentaires très constructifs. En effet on peut encore ajouter d'autres interprétations compte tenu de l’intérêt apportée aux taches de recherche dans ce domaine d'agronomie appliqué.
Microorganisms are tiny living organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. Life cannot exist without them - they are everywhere, in soil, water, air, in animals, plants, rocks and the human body. In composting, microorganisms break down organic matter and produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidize the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Plants require nutrients to be in mineral form to take them up from soil. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. Bacteria play an important role in decomposition of organic materials, especially in the early stages of decomposition when moisture levels are high. In the later stages of decomposition, fungi tend to dominate. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens are examples of decomposer bacteria. Several Microorganisms are present in soil ecosystem and they have various properties to decompose the organic carbon fraction like Cellulose, lignin, hemicelluloses, chitin and lipids present in soil organic matter. Microorganisms perform an important function in cycling these nutrients. They convert organically bound elements to inorganic or mineral forms that are available for plant use. This process is mineralization. Microorganisms, as well as plants, also immobilize nutrients in their biomass as they grow.
Dr. Rk Naresh
Merci pour ce complément de commentaire toujours intéressant et utile.
Les microbes connus pour leur action sur la minéralisation du compost au niveau du substrat sol, on peut citer les fongis (champignons microscopiques mycètes classés en familles) sont nombreux. D'ailleurs en phytopathologie (étude de leur action néfaste sur le matériel végétal), ils activent leur nuisance parfois considérable sur les céréales, les légumes, la vigne, la pomme de terre, etc.... en faisant chuter leur production. On remarque entre autre les bactéries dont le nombre est très important ( très nocives pour la plupart), voici des microbes qui ma foi prolifèrent à des vitesses incontrôlables.
Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microbes are also used for the industrial production of certain organic acids. Citric acid was the first discovered organic acids from microbial fermentation of lemon – a citrus fruits. Organic acids are also produced directly from glucose. Bacteria/fungi secreting enzymes out of their cells into the soil or dead organism. The enzymes digest the organic material. This is known as extracellular digestion as it happens outside the cells. The products of digestion are absorbed by the bacteria/fungi. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. The process of organic matter decomposition includes the physical breakdown of substrate and the biochemical transformation of complex organic molecules into simpler organic and inorganic molecules. Microbes help to break down organic matter from plants, animals, and other microbes. They are involved with the nitrogen and carbon cycles. Microorganisms help to generate oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as fix atmospheric nitrogen into useable forms for multiple organisms. By far the most important microscopic decomposers are bacteria, which do the lion's share of decomposition in the compost heap. But there are other microscopic creatures such as actinomycetes, fungi, and protozoa that also play an important role.
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