Geir,

A potential idea that obviously comes to mind, in relation to your question, is the role of antioxidant supplements in preventing cancer.

The issue regarding antioxidants and cancer has two aspects: one is prevention (chemoprevention of cancer) while the other is treatment/therapy (antineoplastic or antitumor or anticancer effects). Intervention consisting of consumption of substances exhibiting antioxidant function is purported to prevent oxidative damage. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and cancer appear to be interrelated. The exposure of antioxidants to individuals who already possess prolonged or chronic inflammation (example cigarette smokers) can be counterproductive. In this case, antioxidant consumption in trials increases the incidence of cancer. More than 175 population studies have amply highlighted the cancer preventative effects of vegetables and fruit consumption; the benefit may be owing to varied antioxidants in a network, non- antioxidant nutrients and minerals, functioning in a judicious, interrelated way, in a natural milieu. However, this has not been replicated in antioxidant intervention trials with single antioxidants (or two in certain instances), which is most disappointing.  Several nutritional intervention trials employing the antioxidants, beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium, have found discernible effectiveness in preventing gastrointestinal cancer or other cancers. 

Cancer is a multifactorial and multistage process, which may take some 30 years or more for development. Some antioxidant substances may inhibit reactive oxygen and nitrogen species evoked actions on DNA, which may be involved in tumor promotion. The response of individuals to anticarcinogenic substances may be highly complex. There are issues such as particular test subjects (ethnicity), history of inflammation, prior occupational and environmental exposures and dietary practices in vogue; this is further complicated by factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms of antioxidant genes and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, existence of modified DNA (example: degree of DNA methylation in the subjects) and the issue of preexisting adenomas (benign tumors). 

Regards!

What scientific idea is ready for retirement?

http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/jan/12/what-scientific-idea-is-ready-for-retirement-edge-org

According to Dr Azra Raza, the mouse models for cancer studies, and she opines  that they are worthless for drug development.

Geir,

A potential idea that obviously comes to mind, in relation to your question, is the role of antioxidant supplements in preventing cancer.

The issue regarding antioxidants and cancer has two aspects: one is prevention (chemoprevention of cancer) while the other is treatment/therapy (antineoplastic or antitumor or anticancer effects). Intervention consisting of consumption of substances exhibiting antioxidant function is purported to prevent oxidative damage. Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and cancer appear to be interrelated. The exposure of antioxidants to individuals who already possess prolonged or chronic inflammation (example cigarette smokers) can be counterproductive. In this case, antioxidant consumption in trials increases the incidence of cancer. More than 175 population studies have amply highlighted the cancer preventative effects of vegetables and fruit consumption; the benefit may be owing to varied antioxidants in a network, non- antioxidant nutrients and minerals, functioning in a judicious, interrelated way, in a natural milieu. However, this has not been replicated in antioxidant intervention trials with single antioxidants (or two in certain instances), which is most disappointing.  Several nutritional intervention trials employing the antioxidants, beta-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and selenium, have found discernible effectiveness in preventing gastrointestinal cancer or other cancers. 

Cancer is a multifactorial and multistage process, which may take some 30 years or more for development. Some antioxidant substances may inhibit reactive oxygen and nitrogen species evoked actions on DNA, which may be involved in tumor promotion. The response of individuals to anticarcinogenic substances may be highly complex. There are issues such as particular test subjects (ethnicity), history of inflammation, prior occupational and environmental exposures and dietary practices in vogue; this is further complicated by factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms of antioxidant genes and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, existence of modified DNA (example: degree of DNA methylation in the subjects) and the issue of preexisting adenomas (benign tumors). 

Regards!

On July 23, 2013, I asked the following question on ResearchGate:

"Are mouse models reliable sources of knowledge?"  https://www.researchgate.net/post/Are_mouse_models_reliable_sources_of_knowledge 

Regarding the role of antioxidant supplements in preventing cancer, the following questions I earlier have asked on ResearchGate seem relevant:

1. "Do 'antioxidants' really play an important role in health -- or are they causing more cancers than they cure?"

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_antioxidants_really_play_an_important_role_in_health--or_are_they_causing_more_cancers_than_they_cure

2. "Is there a difference between "natural" and "synthetic" vitamins when it comes to safety and efficiency?"

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_a_difference_between_natural_and_synthetic_vitamins_when_it_comes_to_safety_and_efficiency

Regarding the use of nutritional supplements in cancer treatment, you may find this paper of interest: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280571632_The_Adjuvant_Nutritional_Intervention_in_Cancer_%28ANICA%29_Trial

Article The Adjuvant Nutritional Intervention in Cancer (ANICA) Trial

Retirement is a temperament of our mind .It is not merely the age which may decided for our retirement ,with our conscious mind & with the energy force of mind if our activities compare us for our retirement at particular age,we have to cultivate & prepare our life by establishing our hobbies ,& to cultivate in such fashion that when the period of retirement comes you will not have any  disturbing feeling as we have planned our life after our retirement not only we are to enjoy our aging life happily & peacefully which our family also comfortable in all the respects

For others when there is no limit of retirement with the energy force of mind & with our regular system of our life we can work our life up to advanced age peacefully,joyfully in a comfortable way .

We have observe that in certain case people at age of 90 & above they are working in their life actively 

Homeopathy.

Univadis Medical News, 14 June 2019:

"Nearly 400 established medical practices have been found to be ineffective in clinical studies published in JAMA, the Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine.

Researchers conducted a search of randomised controlled trials published over 15 years in the three journals. From 3,000 articles, there was evidence to support 396 medical reversals (when newer and superior clinical trial data contradict existing clinical practice).

Cardiovascular disease was the most commonly represented medical category among the reversals (20%), followed by public health/preventive medicine (12%) and critical care (11%). Medication was the most common intervention (33%) involved, followed by a procedure (20%) and vitamins and/or supplements (13%).

Writing in the open-access journal eLife , the researchers hope their findings will encourage the “de-adoption” of these practices.

Commenting on the findings, senior author, Vinay Prasad said: "There are a number of lessons that we can take away from our set of results, including the importance of conducting RCTs for both novel and established practices."

“Once an ineffective practice is established, it may be difficult to convince practitioners to abandon its use. By aiming to test novel treatments rigorously before they become widespread, we can reduce the number of reversals in practice and prevent unnecessary harm to patients,” he said."

REFERENCE

Herrera-Perez D, Haslam A, Crain T, Gill J, Livingston C, Kaestner V, et al. Meta-Research: A comprehensive review of randomized clinical trials in three medical journals reveals 396 medical reversals. eLife 2019;8:e45183. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.45183.

Obviously the accepted belief that a medical school education endows the certificate holder with wisdom.

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Medicine is mostly an evidence-based practice; it will become more science-based with the advent of exponential medicine, i.e. medicine as integrative science, e.g. clinical reasoning will become more important in medical education and practice to connect the separated bodies of knowledge.

Article Markov Models in health care

Article Markov Models in Medical Decision Making: A Practical Guide