Dental implants are made of titanium because of biocompatibililty. Dental implants give titanium toxicity allergic and autoimune reactions.
Thank you for asking this question, I would like to illustrate the begining of this discussion with this article abstract.
[Allergies to dental metals. Titanium: a new allergen].
[Article in French]
Evrard L, Waroquier D, Parent D.
Abstract
Oral allergies are underdiagnosed by dental health professionals. Patients with an oral allergy complain of various symptoms such as burning or tingling sensations, with or without oral dryness or loss of taste, or of more general symptoms such as headache, dyspepsia, asthenia, arthralgia, myalgia. The signs of oral allergy include erythema, labial oedema or purpuric patches on the palate, oral ulcers, gingivitis, geographical tongue, angular cheilitis, perioral eczematous eruption, or lichenoid reactions localized on the oral mucosa. There is an increase in the prevalence of oral allergies to metals used in dental materials. Allergy to gold included in dental prosthesis has been well documented since the years eighties. Recently, titanium, used in orthopedic devices and oral implants, considered as an inert material, can induce toxicity or allergic type I or IV reactions. These reactions to titanium could be responsible for unexplained successive failure cases of dental implants in some patients (named "cluster patients"). The risk of an allergy to titanium is increased in patients who are allergic to other metals. In these patients, an evaluation of allergy is recommended, in order to exclude any problem with titanium medical devices. We stress the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to take into account patients with an oral allergy, with participation of specialists from dental and dermatologic fields.
PMID: 20384051
[Allergic potential of titanium implants].
Schuh A, Thomas P, Kachler W, Göske J, Wagner L, Holzwarth U, Forst R.
Abstract
AIM:
The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the allergic potential of titanium and titanium alloys for surgical implant applications.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Discs cut from rods supplied by five different titanium suppliers in several diameters were investigated. The samples were cp-Titanium as well as Ti6Al4 V and Ti6Al7Nb, 6 mm thick with a diameter of between 6 and 60 mm. The material was checked by optical spectral analysis.
RESULTS:
In all samples except iodidtitanium, a Nickel content of 0.012-0,034 wt% could be detected.
CONCLUSION:
The low nickel content in the implant material results from the production process. The nickel atoms are in solid solution in the titanium lattice. Nickel allergic patients may develop hypersensitivity reactions even due to this low nickel content. Hence, this reaction may be falsely attributed to the titanium material itself. Measurements of ion concentration in the body are helpful for quantifying the maximum content of nickel in titanium materials for surgical implant applications. In addition, technical questions related to the production of nickel free titanium materials for allergic patients have to be solved.
PMID: 15706453
Oral factors affecting titanium elution and corrosion: an in vitro study using simulated body fluid.
Suito H, Iwawaki Y, Goto T, Tomotake Y, Ichikawa T.
Source
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES:
Ti, which is biocompatible and resistant to corrosion, is widely used for dental implants, particularly in patients allergic to other materials. However, numerous studies have reported on Ti allergy and the in vitro corrosion of Ti. This study investigated the conditions that promote the elution of Ti ions from Ti implants.
METHODS:
Specimens of commercially pure Ti, pure nickel, a magnetic alloy, and a gold alloy were tested. Each specimen was immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) whose pH value was controlled (2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.4, and 9.0) using either hydrochloric or lactic acid. The parameters investigated were the following: duration of immersion, pH of the SBF, contact with a dissimilar metal, and mechanical stimulus. The amounts of Ti ions eluted were measured using a polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
RESULTS:
Eluted Ti ions were detected after 24 h (pH of 2.0 and 3.0) and after 48 h (pH of 9.0). However, even after 4 weeks, eluted Ti ions were not detected in SBF solutions with pH values of 5.0 and 7.4. Ti elution was affected by immersion time, pH, acid type, mechanical stimulus, and contact with a dissimilar metal. Elution of Ti ions in a Candida albicans culture medium was observed after 72 h.
SIGNIFICANCE:
Elution of Ti ions in the SBF was influenced by its pH and by crevice corrosion. The results of this study elucidate the conditions that lead to the elution of Ti ions in humans, which results in implant corrosion and Ti allergy.
PMID: 23762461
Inhalation exposure of nano-scaled titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles alters the inflammatory responses in asthmatic mice.
Jonasson S, Gustafsson A, Koch B, Bucht A.
Source
Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden. [email protected]
Abstract
CONTEXT:
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are regarded as relatively non-toxic in concentrations occurring in occupational environments. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that adverse health effects may develop in sensitive populations such as individuals with respiratory diseases.
OBJECTIVE:
We investigated whether single or repeated exposure to TiO2 could aggravate inflammatory responses in naïve mice and mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation.
METHODS:
Exposure to aerosolized TiO2 was performed during OVA sensitization, before, or during the OVA challenge period. The effects on respiratory physiology, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and inflammatory mediators in BAL and serum were assessed 24 h after the last OVA challenge or TiO2 exposure.
RESULTS:
A single exposure of TiO2 had a marked effect on responses in peripheral airways and increasing infiltration of neutrophils in airways of naïve animals. Marked aggravation of airway responses was also observed in animals with allergic disease provided that the single dose TiO2 was given before allergen challenge. Repeated exposures to TiO2 during sensitization diminished the OVA-induced airway eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness but concomitant exposure to TiO2 during the OVA challenge period resulted in neutrophilic airway inflammation and a decline in general health condition as indicated by the loss of body weight.
CONCLUSION:
We conclude that inhalation of TiO2 may aggravate respiratory diseases and that the adverse health effects are highly dependent on dose and timing of exposure. Our data imply that inhalation of NPs may increase the risk for individuals with allergic airway disease to develop symptoms of severe asthma.
PMID: 23480194
Prospective analysis of the incidence of metal allergy in patients listed for total replacement of the temporomandibular joint.
Sidebottom AJ, Mistry K.
Source
Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].
Abstract
We prospectively analysed the incidence of metal allergies in patients listed for total replacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and the efficacy of patch testing to prevent rejection phenomena. All patients (n=101) that required a prosthetic TMJ between March 2004 and August 2012 were tested preoperatively. A total of 39% had an allergy to one or more metals and they were given all-titanium prostheses. Following the introduction of this protocol no patients have shown signs of an allergic rejection within 6 months of operation. We suggest that all patients listed for total TMJ replacement should have patch tests for metal allergies and that all-titanium prostheses are used when allergy is detected.
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Dear Nikola:
After the previous excellent answers,
Different conditions have been previously defined in reactive reactions, allergic reactions, and real immune reactions to titanium.
In addition the pure titanium and titanium based materials could experiment different changes under frictional load (hip replacements, TMJ replacements) or under static load (dental implants).
Is generally accepted that some amoun of ion release is necessary to start a reaction. Factors as infection, stress, interaction between different metals could initiate a corrosive process on the titanium surfaces and this will initiate ion release or structural changes insithe the metallis structure.
Because these particular events could modify the external layer of passivity that the titanium posess.
Please review the next references that sure will be usefull to increase your concepts and that were usefull for me too
Sincerely,
RAFAEL
Oral factors affecting titanium elution and corrosion: an in vitro study using simulated body fluid.
Suito H, Iwawaki Y, Goto T, Tomotake Y, Ichikawa T.
PLoS One. 2013 Jun 7;8(6):e66052. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066052. Print 2013.
Chromate or titanium allergy -- the role of impurities?
Bernard S, Baeck M, Tennstedt D, Haufroid V, Dekeuleneer V.
Contact Dermatitis. 2013 Mar;68(3):191-2. doi: 10.1111/cod.12024. No abstract available.
Allergy to orthopedic metal implants - a prospective study.
Kręcisz B, Kieć-Świerczyńska M, Chomiczewska-Skóra D.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012 Sep;25(4):463-9. doi: 10.2478/S13382-012-0029-3. Epub 2012 Dec 3.
Mortality after local allergic response to titanium cranioplasty.
Hettige S, Norris JS.
Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012 Sep;154(9):1725-6. doi: 10.1007/s00701-012-1429-7. Epub 2012 Jul 4. No abstract available.
Is titanium sensitivity associated with allergic reactions in patients with dental implants? A systematic review.
Javed F, Al-Hezaimi K, Almas K, Romanos GE.
Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2013 Feb;15(1):47-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8208.2010.00330.x. Epub 2011 Mar 17.
PMID: 21414135 [PubMed - in process]
this is a good article Nikola:
http://www.marilynkjonesdds.com/1432/titanium-dental-implants-pose-serious-health-risks-allergy-sensitive/
It is not only the titanium - it are very other metlas and minerals in this product called titanium. And in very different quantiti and proportion. Then the chemical reactions with saliva, meal. ect.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2018 Jun 18;31(6):506-509. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00047. Epub 2018 Jun 5.
Association of Type 2 Diabetes with Submicron Titanium Dioxide Crystals in the Pancreas.
Heller A, Jarvis K, Coffman SS.
Abstract
Pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) of 200-300 nm particle diameter is the most widely used submicron-sized particle material. Inhaled and ingested TiO2 particles enter the bloodstream, are phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils, are inflammatory, and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this pilot study of 11 pancreatic specimens, 8 of the type 2 diabetic pancreas and 3 of the nondiabetic pancreas, we show that particles comprising 110 ± 70 nm average diameter TiO2 monocrystals abound in the type 2 diabetic pancreas, but not in the nondiabetic pancreas. In the type 2 diabetic pancreas, the count of the crystals is as high as 108-109 per gram.
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