What is the standard value for transmission and transformation losses (T&T losses)? Is there any standard observed for T&T losses around the world? Is 3.4% T&T losses acceptable by any means?
I dont think there will be a general answer for your question. The variation of T&T losses between developed and developing countries is vast. I just read an article about the Grid System of Tanzania and its electricity provider (TANESCO) stating that the T&T losses in this country increased to ca. 25% within the last years due to bad infrastructure and stealing/vandalism of the facilities they have.
If you are asking Bulk Electric System (BES), (> 100kV) in general the numbers are in the 5% range in our system. Again this is purely electrical (heating) losses (does not consider other types (stealing, etc).
Mr. Ciniglio,
Thanx for your answer. I am asking Transmission and Transformation (T&T) losses of system above 100 kV (i.e 500 kV & 220 kV). The figure of 3.2% T&T losses which I have quoted in question includes heating losses of Transmission lines, Full load copper losses of Transformers, Iron losses of Transformers and Corona Losses.
If the lines are fully loaded the temperature would rise. Also, for countries near the equador, the summer ambient temperature is above 50 degree celsius. In these situations, transmission losses may be as high as 20-25%. Normal loss should be 2 to 3%.
Please have a look at :
http://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/Electric_Grid_Full_Report.pdf
page 8. (extracted from world bank).
T&D losses (including tranformers) are about 5%.
Repartition : Joule (80%), transformers (10%), SUbstations (2%), corona (8%). Obviously corona losses may increase a lot during rain, but it remains limited to about 8% in year average.
Varies the norm in each country but always have to be a relative percentage below 5%
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