Closepet Granite equivalent K-rich younger intrusive pegmatitic granite and Peninsular Gneiss. 

Closepet equivalent K-rich granites of surrounding areas,younger intrusive pegmatitic granite, concealed proximal K rich granite ?

and Peninsular Gneiss. Revealing presence of both fresh and altered feldspars.

Your observations are accurate. The fact that the Chitradurg schist belt is immediately south of these exposures is also correct. However, for the Badami sediments the following aspects may be taken into account as well:

(a) There are fairly clear exposures of the 'granitic rocks' (granitic gneisses, potassic granites, aplites and pegmatites) immediately below the Badami sediments observed from Gokak through Gajendragad... Therefore 'granitic' sources' is expected.

(b) In our observation, the Badami Group is essentially a fluvial deposit (barring the uppermost horizons exposed in the eastern parts of the 'Badami sub-basin' around Katkol, Kerur, Kokankoppa) and have proximal provenance. The basal conglomerates exposed in the western exposures (between Belgaum and Nesargi in  particular; and also parts of the exposures near Gokak) of the Badami Group are essentially recycled slope-debris and fan deposits that grade into lobate fluvial channel and channel-bar deposits. Therefore they are very likely to contain relatively fresh, unaltered lithic fragments (including but not limited to felspathic fragments) along with a lot of quartzitic fragments...

(d) although not directly related to the Belgaum sector of the Badami basin, you may also be interested in the equivalents around Ajra and Gargoti (southern Kolhapur district) that are exposed resting on granitic gneiss... These exposures are a continuum of the Badami basin further westwards...

Hope this helps...

Dear Sir,

Thanks a lot for the input. Our sedimentological observations are similar to those of your. The Badami conglomerates are mainly cohesionless debris flow, hyperconcentrated flood flow and stream flow deposits (proportions vary in different sections). Textural features indicate limited transportation of the sediments. Especially, near Khangaon we get abundant fragments of schistose rocks that form the basement for the sediments. 

The source of very coarse sandy to granular feldspar in sedimentary rocks are commonly granitoids and pegmatite.

But for the Badami conglomerates exposed NNE and NE of Belgaum (between Mallapur and Ramtirth Temple) if we consider the palaeocurrent direction, sedimentary facies, texture of the sediments (freshness and angularity of feldspar), and basement lithology, the source of feldspar from the indicated sources becomes questionable.

Regards,

Dr. Himadri Basu 

Glad to have been able to help.

What needs to be remembered is that in a 'fluvial' system, paleo-currents directions are never to be taken as absolute. In a migrating channel deposit, you will get poly-directional orientations that can be misleading unless a 3-d picture of the relevant 'sandy' body can be created.

Miall's excellent book on fluvial sedimentary environments and .deposits (a recent version of 2014 that complements the 1996 book) will be useful in this context.

There are 2 papers (currently under review) on the Badami sediments from my students that I shall be happy to share with you as soon as possible.

Best wishes

Dear Sir,

We measured palaeocurrent directions from trough cross-bedding (only from 3D exposures or 2D top surface). Further, the depositing fluvial systems were in all plausibility braided systems.

Nevertheless I look forward for the papers on the Badami sediments.

Regards

This is for the attention of Dr Kale. From a soils point of view, we notice these soils as very good for a number of crops, esp groundnut and repsond to irrigation.  We find considrable clay in the subsoils around Badami, although, they are origiated from the sandstone. What is the source of clay? Are there so many weatherable minerals in sandstone of Badami? 

Dear Prof. Dasog,

This is a different subject altogether.

The quartzites and sandstones are NOT the only source of detritus in the soils around Badami. There are shales of the Bagalkot Group (of age older than the Badami sandstones) underlying the Badami Group. Therefore, that is no surprise. 

Suggest have a discussion with Prof. Korisettar of Dharwar university on the Quaternary history of the region.... there is evidence that there was perhaps a large lake that developed west of the Badami - Gajendragad range or it is not unlikely that a major tributary of the Malaprabha flowed through this region. Prof Korisettar will be in a position to provide you a first-hand view of the sources of soils in that area.

Thank you, Prof Kale. I will discuss with him as suggested. We meet often. 

This is for Prof kale . Sir, as we move towards Gokak they are granodiorites and more of hornblende rich granites which i have observed, moreover rather more of TTG type. The potash feldspars we are getting in Badami sediments around hogratti,in and around Deshnur,Suldhal,Sulebhavi and Islampur etc., are very coarse,some are euhedral well developed crystals and majority are more angular type and rich in microcline.  In Islampur we have encoutered some granitic injections but in all other places they may be concealed type and more proximal ones.  In all these areas i have encountered number of tourmaline bearing rocks, even these badami sediments also carry many beautiful radiating suns of tourmaline bearing fragments, there are matts of tourmalines in Nesargi area and veins and veinlets of tourmalines in Karadiguddi area. Definitely all these through some light on boron metasomatism and intrusive granites as well. what i feel.