I am just chemist but basically the microbiome in waste generates enzymes that degrade / decompose in smaller molecules (methane for example) the organic matter. Microorganisms can even degrade polymers or other non-natural compounds, accumulate toxic elements, etc. I hope that someone more expert may give you more detailed answers.

Dr Jean- Francois Gal thank you for your contribution to the discussion

In the decomposition process, microbes play a pivotal role as Earth's ultimate recyclers. They feast on organic matter, like dead plants and animals, breaking them down into essential nutrients that enrich the soil.

Microbes are also important for waste utilization, as they can be used to convert waste materials into valuable products. For example, some bacteria can convert organic waste into biogas, a renewable energy source. Other microbes can be used in the production of compost or fertilizer, which can be used to improve soil health and support plant growth.

Dr Mohammed Almajidi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microbes are capable of attaching to the polymer surface and secreting extracellular enzymes that initiates the biodegradation process. The enzymes perform hydrolytic cleavage releasing CO2 and H2O, which is utilized by microbes as an energy source for reproduction and growth. One of the major natural roles of microbes is assisting in the process of decomposition. Microbes naturally facilitate the breakdown of organic material that is an essential process in the life cycle. Because it is their naturally evolved function, microbes are very good at facilitating decomposition. Waste removed during the process is digested by microbes, and what remains is dried and disposed of in landfills, incinerators or applied to soil as a conditioner, depending on the source and process. Biodegradation is a natural process by which organic chemicals in the environment are converted to simpler compounds, mineralised and redistributed through elemental cycles such as the carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Chemical degradation is usually caused by the formation of peroxide radicals formed during fuel cell operation. This degradation mechanism is facilitated by the same property that gives perfluorocarbon membranes their ionic conductivity.Hydrolysis is the most common pathway of pharmaceutical drug product degradation. Especially, API molecules containing carboxylate ester, amide, or carbamate groups are prone to hydrolysis. Oxidation has much more complicated mechanisms than other degradation pathways. Microorganisms secrete one-of-a-kind types of enzymes which might be chargeable for the decomposition of waste. Microbial decomposition of natural waste also renders organic compounds and minerals bioavailable for growing crops effectively aiding in crop production. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. Also, microorganisms are vital to humans and the environment, as they participate in the carbon and nitrogen cycles, as well as fulfilling other vital roles such as recycling other organisms' dead remains and waste products through decomposition.