It has been reported in some p-type ZnO articles, that by increasing the nitrogen concentration (as a dopant), the grain size of ZnO nanostructures reduced, according to nitrogen and oxygen ionic radius, What is the justification for this event?
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The grain refinement indicates that increase in the surface area of the system, which can be natural process unless it is compensated with the decrease in the grain boundary surface specific free(Helmholtz) energy. Therefore the addition of nitrogen to the system results segregation of nitrogen at the GB regions, which in turns reduces GB specific surface free energy that triggers grain refinements if the system would be exposed to the thermal or thermomechanical treatments.
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