I have doped Ti in ZnO using a chemical method. The XRD results are showing an increase in the intensity of ZnO peak after the Ti doping. These results are also supported by the results obtained through optical measurements. Can some one suggest me that what may be the possible reason for increase in the crystallinity of ZnO after the Ti doping? Thanks
its obvious results.. its means dopant sited in matrix followed by heterogeneous nucleation
I don't think that addition of Ti, which may donate four electrons can have any influence on the crystallinity of ZnO becoming a heterogeneous nucleation site. Because the system is in the solid state, which is already in crystalline form. How Ti addition can increase the observed XRD spectral line intensity may be understood if one remembers the role of atomic scattering factor in the overall intensity calculation associated with the unit cell. Atomic scattering factor depends on the SinTheta /Lamda as well as the number of electrons already present at the atomic species. That means actual ionization level of cation is very important whether Ti is neutral at Zn++ site or it is doubly Ti2+ or quarterly iodized Ti4+ . In general stable ZnO has Hexagonal Wurtzite structure, having tetrahedral coordination. ZnO is n-type due to the fact that either one has O vacancies and/or Zn interstitials. Ti has 22 electron and Zn has 30 electron in neutral states. Where interstitial Zn doesn't contribute observed XED spectrum. Therefore any addition of Ti, which goes to the empty cation site contributes to diffracted intensity regardless its ionization state. My guess is Ti4+ where 2 e for binding and other 2e goes to the conduction band. That not only enhances the diffracted intensity but also satisfies the local charge neutrality as well as contributes to n-type properties of ZnO.
Thank you prof. Tarik Ömer Oğurtani
Kindly, can you sent me an article or any reference to understand more and to justify my work
Thank you Dr.Prabu Vsv
I came back to literature but I don't find any related explanation, so the problem what I have is how I can justify my work.
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