Here's a good link: "Forced and Internal Twentieth-Century SST Trends in the North Atlantic", by Mingfang Ting et al., 2008:  http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1 .  Their conclusion is that the AMO is an internal mode of variability, not forced by global factors such as anthropogenic warming or solar variability. 

Otherwise, the wikipedia article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation) is a good place to start and has plenty of further references.

http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation

Markus, most of related aspects are reflected in the given answers- however, you should see also its  'mystic source'- that means you can prepare/ compute averages of any atmospheric/ oceanic parameter (such as the SSTA of the North Atlantic for the AMO-series or the difference in sea-level air pressure anomalies between the Iceland and the Azores for the NAO). For the case that the resulting time-series covers at least hundred years, you may detect some similarities, but also some differences  with fluctuations of already existing series of well known climate indices, especially on the decadal scale. In other words, it seems to be that the AMO-series involves more questions than answers!

All of these oscillation be it Monsoon and Pacific or InterPacific Decdal oscillations appear to have some teleconnections. The main feature for the latter is that is is defined by clusters of either more frequent EL Ninos or La Ninas, These of course do affect the SST upwelling rainfall distribution. It has been suggested by Franks (UTAS Australia) that this is the source of world climate so called warming interruption, from which we should expect a great than trend in the next positive phase of the IPDO,  The reasons behind the IPDO, appears to be unknown in so far that El Nino deterministic chaotic behavior is maybe known but difficult to predict. In other words, a suggested 4 and 2 years interactive climatic oscillations constrained by a fixed end of the year transition.  

However, this subject is not my core research, I just used it for senarios on the effects on coastal sequestration with climate change, so I defer to your other readers if I should have misuderstood the literature

Regards 

Barry

Hi Kenneth, you may well be right about Anthropogenic control. Then again, my past reading on the matter may say only partially right. There appears to be a shift on the frequency and extent of the AMO or more over PDO in the past (100s other than 1000s years ago). Whether it is just part of another but lower frequency oscillation coming into its own this century, I believe, is still unclear.  The suggestion has been put forward that if there is a long frequency change in the PDO, then it  demonstrates that other non linear internal re-organisation factors can affect it , and climatic change may be a feed back in delivering such a change, be it an unknown change. I am almost sure some one has attempted to model this as support, but not a test of course. WEhat are you thoughts on the matter?

UPMNT means by "ultrashort pulse maskless nanofabrication technology"

AFM means by "Atomic Force Microscope"

UPMNT could be realized by AFM to have a nanofabrication platform to move, test, nanofabricate, test, control in one time after designing the micromachine with effects of physical chemistry.

We need talents of nano ST.

Hi Markus, for observational studies leading to the definition of the AMO index based on historical ocean surface temperatures take a look at some of our work listed below (you can find pdfs of these papers in http://albertomestas.com/publications/journal-articles/) Cheers!

Goldenberg, S. B., C.W. Landsea, A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, and W.M. Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications. Science, 293, 474-479

Enfield, D. B., A.M. Mestas-Nuñez and P.J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S.Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077-2080 

Mestas-Nuñez, A.M. and D.B. Enfield, 1999: Rotated global modes of non-ENSO sea surface temperature variability. J. Climate, 12, 2734-2746

Enfield, D.B. and A.M. Mestas-Nuñez, 1999: Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns. J. Climate, 12, 2719-2733