Raises out of pocket costs mostly on public transport by rubber tyred systems. On the other hand with appropriate taxing and pricing structure negative externalities can be transferred to private vehicle users. I recommend transportation economics text books for details.
energy taxation in urban mobility has an impact on the choice of means of transportation .. so, some of users tends automatically to opt for most sustainable means of transportation because they cant bear other means of transportation charges .. so they may opt for public transportation or other means that may cost lower.
Dear Dr. Zeinab Ali Dashoor ,
I suggest you to have a look at the following, interesting document:
- Energy and carbon taxes in the EU: Empirical evidence with focus on the transport sector
Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/179309
My best regards, Amir Beketov.
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