what a strange question. No doubt continue as usual, with the usual development of ideas and theories about ourselves, as well as finding new information that will reveal more about ourselves.

What did you suppose was going to happen?

In my opinion, humanities and social sciences lack a tool to describe the laws of humanities and social sciences. There are mathematical equations in physics, but mathematics is not very suitable for humanities and social sciences. I guess this tool is: the program.

Valerie Saunders I can understand your inquiry and your frustration, but I guess the question is valid when we look at the approachable methods and interpretations mechanisms used in some universities for social and humanities studies. lots of themes are still presented in a narrative story-tale with which students get to sleep. here, the question arises and maybe the entire field becomes questionable for many students even post-grads.

Duan Xian Xiang I totally agree with you in the whole, but could you please explain more the concept of the program you mentioned? .

Souhila Sadouni

Here's an example, Francois Quesnay's economic table. As a doctor, Quesnay sees the

economy as a huge organism, and the precious economic surplus is like a blood supply function

vital to life. To explain this view, he made the first economic "model" (model), a simplified economic map. Quesnay created it in his original book, The Economic Table (Economic chart). He outlined many curves to represent the resources circulating around the economy. The peasants produced the economic surplus and paid the rent to the nobles who owned the land, who then bought the silk buttons and the silver candlesticks from the hand craftsmen. The craftsmen in turn bought food from the farmers to complete a cycle. The economy is a kind of surplus circulation formed between the peasants, the landlords and the hand craftsmen.

This economic table can be written as the following program diagram:

Farmers' production and economic surplus→Pay the rent to the nobles who own the land→The nobles then bought silk buttons and silver candlesticks from the handcraftsmen→The craftsmen in turn bought food from the farmers.

Souhila Sadouni

The concept of "program" is more difficult to explain, it is a new concept, it is not mean a computer program, computer program is just one of it is just a subconcept of it.

Souhila Sadouni

In complex science, there have been many references to concepts like " programs" . Here is the John E. In Mayfield's book, The Engine of Complexity:

" A corresponding principle is that the apparent impossibility of complex things of life and technology reflects the amount of additional information needed to form them. This is reflected in all human beings and the non- living products of life and human creation . The more information it needs to form something, the more unlikely it appears. For example, compare stone axes and supercomputers, or viruses and humans. The more complex and less likely things are, the more information you need to create them. This description of information is expressed in the form of a blueprint, formula, gene ( DNA or RNA) , or collectively known as instructions.

Instruction can be in various forms, but a simple definition may be as this: " the instruction is a specific coding information, with the following attributes, when used to change another system in order, can get a predetermined final result, and for someone or something, creating the instruction brings some benefits or want something . "The instruction contains purposeful information. They are created because their products can bring benefits to the creator.

Instructions typically specify or pre- specify the steps and behaviors that another system needs to perform. The system can be either human or not. The completion of the steps leads to the achievement of a particular goal. Thus all instructions imply a target.

……

The basic idea of instructions are familiar, and one example is the recipe . Custard cake is a food that only humans can make. To make a pastry, follow a series of precise and simple steps .

Whenever these steps are followed, specific results are obtained. Here is an online recipe for egg

milk pastry [ 1] :

1 .

Divide the 6 eggs into egg yolk and egg white.

2 .

Soluvate 1 / 4 cup of cream, mix 1 / 4 cup of flour, 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 / 4 teaspoon of

mustard and a dash of chili powder . Heat up and stir for 2 minutes.

3 Add 1 1 / 2 cup of milk slowly and stir continuously until smooth. Heat for 2 minutes, stir

continuously, then stop heating, add 1 cup of crushed yellow cheese and stir well.

4 . Beat the egg yolks, add a few tablespoons of hot cheese sauce, heat the egg yolks, and

then add them to the cheese sauce.

5 . Stir the protein in a foam shape with an electric mixer, add 1 / 3 of the protein to the

cheese sauce and stir well. Stir thoroughly, add the remaining 2 / 3 to the cheese sauce.

6 . Pour the cheese sauce into a 2 - liter flat- bottom baking pan and bake in a preheated oven

at 200 。

C for 12- 15 minutes.

……

A computer program is composed of commands that can cause a specific sequence of states within the computer and produce output. In computer science, a sequence of commands to accomplish something is called an algorithm. In other scenarios it may be called recipes or instructions. Intives and algorithms represent the way to complete the task. Most computer

algorithms accept data input and produce output for some situations.Both the data and thealgorithm contain information . Data can be considered as a representation of aspects of the external world. In this way, computing is a sequence that uses the method representation ( algorithm) to produce an internal representation ( machine state) of the representation ( data) of a

certain aspect of the world, and obtains the final representation (output) [ 1] . Either representation, it is the physical state of a system, and it can also be understood as information . ”

[7] 【ouffle he procedure is the program. The author uses the word " instructions" , but this later suggests that he is already using the " computer programs" in analogy to these " directives . " It can

be seen that the author believes that the tool for describing the laws of complex science is " program" ( " instruction" and "calculation" , and he has several names of the same meaning in the book, and the word " information" . )

Evolving, as more integration and multidisciplinary efforts are made.

Dear Ahmed,

I recently edited an entire issue of the open access e-journal, Catalyst (https://trace.tennessee.edu/catalyst/) on "Restructuring the Social Sciences" which discusses this question in general and on specific disciplines. You might want to start with my "Foreward: The Death of Social Sciences" that is also on my ResearchGate page, and look at other articles that I have written for analyzing specific disciplines that I have on ResearchGate with ways of measuring the value of sub-disciplines and approaches (recent articles on "Law and Development" and "International Education") and their sustainability, as well as pieces by Brooks Duncan.

One reason it is hard to find answers to this question is because there do not appear to be any e-journals or e-publishers who will publish actual analysis of disciplines that are not self-promoting, and it seems to be by design. There is a mindset that everything is working and cannot or should not be changed, even if graduates do not find jobs or if there is no public funding and support or, the opposite, if there is just short-term unsustainable support that is just a fad but has no long-term benefits in terms of skills or public impact. Since social sciences have largely been eliminating measures and standards in general, they also have little ability or interest in applying this to themselves for planning, accountability and improvements.

If you or others have a place to publish a special issue or section on this that is public access, let's work together to do this since I have a few pieces that I would like to make available.

I have also just finished an e-book on the future of Anthropology and the impact of "diversity policy" to actually eliminate most diversity and empowerment approaches that existed and am looking for an e-publisher to publish it open access. This is a new approach and there aren't enough publishers in this area yet but maybe you or others know of a new one or are ready to start one.

Best,

David Lempert, Ph.D., J.D., M.B.A., E.D. (Hon.)