Solar Cell efficiency refers to the portion of solar radiation that can be converted to electricity by a solar cell. It can be improved by several approaches like adjusting the thickness of the photoactive material, improving crystallinity (Morphology) through better fabrication, and a good/ compatible stoichiometry among others.

Dr Milimo AMOS Nalianya thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The worldwide scientific community has worked diligently to increase the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells from 3.8% to 25.7%. Due to its low stability and poor scalability, it still lags in commercial performance concerning the crystalline silicon solar cell. Tin-based perovskite solar cells have a relatively low power conversion efficiency (PCE < 14.8%). This low PCE is in part due to the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+, which will act as a p-type dopant in the structure and result in higher dark carrier concentration and increased carrier recombination rates. PSCs made with poly(3-hexylthiopene) as the HTM and methyl ammonium lead iodide bromide (CH3NH3PbI2Br) perovskite showed excellent stability for 250 hours, but the measured efficiency was low (less than 10%). To increase the stability of PSC, several dopants, such as iridium complex, have also been proposed. PSCs made with poly(3-hexylthiopene) as the HTM and methylammonium lead iodide bromide (CH3NH3PbI2Br) perovskite showed excellent stability for 250 hours, but the measured efficiency was low (less than 10%). To increase the stability of PSC, several dopants, such as iridium complex, have also been proposed. One of the most effective ways to improve efficiency in carbon-based perovskite cells is to use plasmonic nanoparticles. When exposed to solar energy, metal nanoparticles scatter light, increasing the photocurrent inside the cell and increasing the generation rate of free carriers. Adding the p-type dopants into the spiro-OMeTAD such as lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonate (Li-TFSI) and 4-Tert-butylpyridine (TBP), is the one of the effective way to increase hole conductivity and inhibit charge recombination at the interface between spiro-OMeTAD and perovskite interface, and thus increasing. As such, one way to improve perovskite solar cell stability is to replace the organic “A-cation” in the ABX3 structure. Where ri is the ionic radii, rA is the radius of the cation, and rPb is the radius of the lead molecule. Possible crystal phases of perovskites, depending on tolerance factor. Hence, the binding energy is small enough to ensure sufficient thermal separation of charge carriers at room temperature,” Michael Hetterich explains. “In addition, the excitonic effects enhance absorption. Both effects together enable efficient operation of the perovskite solar cell.