A conclusion must end up a discussion. In academic discourse, a conclusion summarizes research arguments and achieves a conceptualization or an answer to a research question.

I think in the discussion section, the author provides an analysis and comparison of the proposed protocol\solution with related work in-depth. In the contrast conclusion section, the author provides a brief summary of his paper.

A conclusion must end up a discussion. In academic discourse, a conclusion summarizes research arguments and achieves a conceptualization or an answer to a research question.

In an article, the conclusion is usually either the final subsection of the discussion or a separate section after the discussion.

There are two ways in which the conclusion section is used. One is to use it simply as a summary - i.e., just as a way of concluding the article. The other way is to use it to indicate what conclusions you can draw from your research, in a way the take-home messages. I think it's more important to call the second kind of section "Conclusions" rather than just "Conclusion".

Hi, Dear Mustafa Sabah Taha

First of all, every research is based on an assumption. Therefore, do the findings you obtained in your research in the "discussion section" in your data match with the literature? or does it not match? If your findings do not match the literature, what could be the reasons? You seek answers to these questions. After the discussion section is the "conclusion section". In the conclusion part, a judgment (generalization) is reached in line with the inferences you get from the discussion. And so the literature contribution of your assumption is formed. These contributions are summarized and explained in the conclusion section. In addition, if there are suggestions and restrictions for future research, these are expected to be explained in the conclusion section.

I hope it was useful.

I wish you good luck in your work.

Technically speaking, in the discussion part, you are giving a comprehensive description and interpretation of the importance of your core findings through establishing a link with previously known facts or research done in related subject of interest. Here, you are reviewing previous literature emphasizing how your findings are significant, and are comparable with existing knowledge. In conclusion section, on the other hand, you are making a brief and stand-alone wrap-up statement regarding your observations, and hence your readers will be able to comprehend what you actually have contributed to science. Your conclusion section may be a summarized form of what you have added in order to narrow down the knowledge gap or address the research problem investigated.

The following publications may further help, particularly: The role of an argument in a dissertation (differences/contents in relations to discussion and conclusion) see Bryman, 2012, pp. 688 & 690; furthermore, What’s in a Conclusion? / Structure for Conclusion chapter / Contribution to knowledge (See Biggam, 2008, pp. 138-156).

• Bavdekar, S. B. (2015) Writing the discussion section: Describing the significance of the study findings, Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 63, 11, pp. 40-42.
• Biggam, J. (2008) Succeeding with Your Master's Dissertation: A step-by-step handbook. England: Open University Press.
• Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
• Evans, D., Gruba, P. and Zobel, J. (2014) How to Write a Better Thesis. Third edn. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
• Hess, D. R. (2004) How to write an effective discussion, Respiratory care, 49, 10, pp. 1238-1241.
• Monippally, M. M. and Pawar, B. S. (2010) Academic Writing: A Guide for Management Students and Researchers. New Delhi, India: Response Books.
• Weissberg, R. and Buker, S. (1990) Writing Up Research: Experimental Research Report Writing for Students of English. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Dear Mustafa Sabah Taha the "Results and Discussion" section is normally the largest and most important section of a research paper. In this part you describe and discuss in detail the major findings and results of our work. The Conclusions section is normally quite short (ca. one paragraph). It summarizes in short form the most important results and ideally gives a short outlook of the future work.

Conclusion summarizes the main points (salient features or key findings) of the discussion. Discussion is a lecture (a comprehensive description in fine details on why that result was obtained and seeks a answer from your own or correlate to existing literature or theory) on the obtained results.

Dear Mustafa Sabah Taha in addition to my previous answer, I suggest that you read a few recent papers in your field of research to get a good impression of how the Sections are ordered.

Discussion section should contain - what do your results/major findings mean, how they relate to the literature, Limitations of your findings.

Conclusions section: Re-write the main points in a new concise way to give the readers the whole idea, and provides comments which might be giving suggestions for improvement for future. It should meet the purpose of your research.

Discussion part includes the presentation of our findings, its analysis and and results and suggestions. While conclusion should cover our own overall concrete opinion on the issue and its findings and also summary of the findings in brief should be a part of the conclusion. Mustafa Sabah Taha

Dear Mustafa Sabah Taha from the previous answers you should now have a good idea what the difference between a conclusion and a discussion is. It is important that a research paper is clearly structured. As a typical example from our research group please see the attached paper which is available a full text on RG. The structure of this paper is

1. Introduction

2. Results and Discussion (this is the core of the article)

3. Conclusion

4. Experimental Section

5. References

Article Rubidium and Cesium Enediamide Complexes Derived from Bulky ...

Frank T. Edelmann, I think you have demonstrated how different disciplines can do things differently. I am more accustomed to disciplines, and journals, in which the structure of empirical / research articles is the following:

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Method

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. Conclusion (if there is a conclusion separate from the discussion)

7. References

There are variants on that, of course, e.g., inclusion of appendices at the end if there are any appendices.

Dear Alaa Ali

I do appreciate your good comment.

thanks

Dear Robert Trevethan

Thank you so much for your nice contribution.

regards

Dear Frank T. Edelmann

What did you attribute is appreciated .

regards

Dear Itishree Padhi

Your very good comment is appreciated.

regards

Dear Robert Trevethan many thanks for your valuable answer. Actually, a second look at our paper attached to my previous answer revealed that apparently different disciplines have agreed on more or less on the same structure of research papers. I was just a bit sloppy with my description and left out e.g. the Abstract. We also have a Methods section, but this is often integrated into the Experimental section. Thus a revised structure of our paper would look like this:

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Results and Discussion (the main body of the work))

4. Conclusions

5. Experimental Section (including General Procedures / Methods)

6. Acknowledgements + minor points

7. References

After all, the difference isn't that big.

The conclusion is the summation of main points. The discussion is more discursive.

Dear Neil Dagnall

I do really appreciate your good comment.

regards

Dear Ivo Carneiro de Sousa

I do appreciate your very nice comment.

regards

In the conclusion part, what the study tells us and brief information to guide further studies.

Dear Serdar Kalemci

A million thanks for your nice contribution.

Regards

Dear Priyaranjan Samal

Thank you so much for your great explication.

Regards

Conclusion is the brief summary of a discussion of a research work. It is situated at the end of the research dissertation before references.

Discussion refers as the description of the research results with references. Here arguments are justified with previous similar results of different researchers.

Dear Mustafa Sabah Taha you're welcome. I assume that your question has now been answered in full. If not, please don't hesitate to ask for more details. In any case the best way is to read a few example papers which are closely related to your field of research.

Frank T. Edelmann, i add a supplementary question here. Mostly authors write "Comparative study with reported literature" before conclusion.

It's necessary to add in article.

Dear Aijaz Panhwar thank you for adding this information. in fact, in chemistry we don't have such thing as "Comparative study with reported literature". In our papers, this is done in the Introduction. In the Introduction we discuss important previous references related to the topic of the article.

Frank T. Edelmann, thanks for your response and added useful information.

Dear Aijaz Panhwar Frank T. Edelmann

I do appreciate your very good contributions

regards

Conclusions are inferences drawn from the study. It could mean the same thing as summary.It should be clearly stated. Discussion involves reviewing and analyzing the data presented in the results section. Discussion is considered in relation to other published work to show agreements and contrasts. Inductive and deductive arguments as well as opposing arguments are used to hightlight strong and weak points of the study.

Dear Dr. Peter Isah Akubor

Your answer is highly recommended.

regards

I completely agree with Peter Isah Akubor except to add that conclusion should mostly derive from the research objectives. To what extent was the objectives of the study achieved.