check the link below and you will find the answer

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/chlconcrete.pdf

Regards,

Hello, Dear Prof. Borhan

Many thanks for this document. It's interesting.

Best regards.

Hello dear saleh,

The penetrability of concrete is mainly related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrix

As an index, the more the cementitious material is older, the more highly developed will be the capillary network (more voluminious pore structure)

The most used methods in the field to evaluate chloride ion penetration are:

• Salt Ponding Test
• Sorptivity
• Ultrasound Non-Destructive Technique (by studying the rheology during the hardening age)

Best regards

Excellent answer by dear tumadhir.

REGARDS

dear doctor

https://www.nist.gov/document/b95099pdf

may be help you

regards

Yes, the following site is very useful https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/chlconcrete.pdf

I follow the question.

Dear Dr. Nabil Khatib , I completely agree with your comment.

I completely agree with that,the penetrability of concrete is mainly related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrixAs an index, the more the cementitious material is older, the more highly developed will be the capillary network (more voluminious pore structure)The most used methods in the field to evaluate chloride ion penetration are:

• Salt Ponding Test
• Sorptivity
• Ultrasound Non-Destructive Technique (by studying the rheology during the hardening age)

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/chlconcrete.pdf

https://www.nist.gov/document/b95099pdf

Although these are excellent papers, please pay attention that they were published 20 years ago.

Today, I consider the best practical method for chloride ion penetration Nordtest NT BUILD 492:

http://www.nordtest.info/index.php/methods/item/concrete-mortar-and-cement-based-repair-materials-chloride-migration-coefficient-from-non-steady-state-migration-experiments-nt-build-492.html

It is quite flexible and can be used for mortars, cement pastes, and concrete.

Yes, the following site is very useful http://www.nordtest.info/index.php/methods/item/concrete-mortar-and-cement-based-repair-materials-chloride-migration-coefficient-from-non-steady-state-migration-experiments-nt-build-492.html

See also:

Baroghel-Bouny, V., Belin, P., Maultzsch, M., and Henry, D., AgNO3 spray tests: advantages, weaknesses, and various applications to quantify chloride ingress into concrete. Part 1: non-steady-state-diffusion tests and exposure to natural conditions. Materials and Structures, Vol. 40 (8), 759-781, 2007 and Part 2: non-steady-state migration tests and chloride diffuison coefficients. Vol. 40 (8), 783-799.

As an alternate to the silver nitrate spray test, a more quantitative measure of the chloride profile can be obtained using either electron microprobe, transmission x-ray microscopy, or micro x-ray fluorescence analysis as per:

Jensen, O.M., Hansen, P.F., Coats, A.M., and Glasser, F.P. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29 (9), 1497-1504, 1999.

Snyder, K.A., Bentz, D.P., and Davis, J.M., Using viscosity modifiers to reduce effective diffusivity in mortars, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24 (8), 1017-1024, 2012.

Moradllo, M.K., Sudbrink, B., Hu, Q., Aboustait, M., Tabb, B., Ley, M.T., and Davis, J. Using micro X-ray fluorescence to image chloride profiles in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 92, 128-141, 2017.

Moradllo, M.K., Hu, Q., and Ley, M.T., Using X-ray imaging to investigate in-situ ion diffusion in cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 136, 88-98, 2017.

Dehghan, A., Peterson, K., Riehm, G., and Bromerchenkel, L.H., Application of X-ray microfluorescence for the determination of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete chloride penetration experiments, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 148, 85-95, 2017.

The estimation of chloride ions diffusivity through a concrete can give data on the permeability performance of concrete. A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. A reservoir is filled with 3.0 % NaCl solution, while another reservoir is filled with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is then subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage for 6 hours. The current that passes through the specimen during the test indicates the movement of all the ions in the pore solution. Based on the charge that passes through the sample, a qualitative rating is made of the concrete permeability. The total charge that passed is determined and this is used to rate the concrete according to the criteria given below:

Chloride Ion Penetrability

> 4,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) High

2,000 - 4,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Moderate

1,000 - 2,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Low

100 - 1,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Very Low

You may check the following paper, it is very useful:

Abutaha, F.; Abdul Razak, H.; Ibrahim, H.A. Effect of Coating Palm Oil Clinker Aggregate on the Engineering Properties of Normal Grade Concrete. Coatings 2017, 7, 175.

Article Effect of Coating Palm Oil Clinker Aggregate on the Engineer...

Yes, the best practical method for chloride ion penetration Nordtest NT BUILD 492:

http://www.nordtest.info/index.php/methods/item/concrete-mortar-and-cement-based-repair-materials-chloride-migration-coefficient-from-non-steady-state-migration-experiments-nt-build-492.html

Dear Prof. Bentz I completely agree with you. Thank you so much for your deep and valuable comment.

I completely agree with Baroghel-Bouny, V., Belin, P., Maultzsch, M., and Henry, D., AgNO3 spray tests: advantages, weaknesses, and various applications to quantify chloride ingress into concrete. Part 1: non-steady-state-diffusion tests and exposure to natural conditions. Materials and Structures, Vol. 40 (8), 759-781, 2007 and Part 2: non-steady-state migration tests and chloride diffuison coefficients. Vol. 40 (8), 783-799.

Yes, the estimation of chloride ions diffusivity through a concrete can give data on the permeability performance of concrete. A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. A reservoir is filled with 3.0 % NaCl solution, while another reservoir is filled with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is then subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage for 6 hours. The current that passes through the specimen during the test indicates the movement of all the ions in the pore solution.

Dear Prof. Abutaha, Thank you so much for your valuable comment.

Yes the following articles are very interested:

1- Jensen, O.M., Hansen, P.F., Coats, A.M., and Glasser, F.P. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29 (9), 1497-1504, 1999.

2- Snyder, K.A., Bentz, D.P., and Davis, J.M., Using viscosity modifiers to reduce effective diffusivity in mortars, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24 (8), 1017-1024, 2012.

3- Moradllo, M.K., Sudbrink, B., Hu, Q., Aboustait, M., Tabb, B., Ley, M.T., and Davis, J. Using micro X-ray fluorescence to image chloride profiles in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 92, 128-141, 2017.

4- Moradllo, M.K., Hu, Q., and Ley, M.T., Using X-ray imaging to investigate in-situ ion diffusion in cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 136, 88-98, 2017.

5- Dehghan, A., Peterson, K., Riehm, G., and Bromerchenkel, L.H., Application of X-ray microfluorescence for the determination of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete chloride penetration experiments, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 148, 85-95, 2017.

Yes, the penetrability of concrete is mainly related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrixAs an index, the more the cementitious material is older, the more highly developed will be the capillary network (more voluminious pore structure)The most used methods in the field to evaluate chloride ion penetration are:

• Salt Ponding Test
• Sorptivity
• Ultrasound Non-Destructive Technique (by studying the rheology during the hardening age)

I completely agree with that, the estimation of chloride ions diffusivity through a concrete can give data on the permeability performance of concrete. A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. A reservoir is filled with 3.0 % NaCl solution, while another reservoir is filled with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is then subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage for 6 hours. The current that passes through the specimen during the test indicates the movement of all the ions in the pore solution. Based on the charge that passes through the sample, a qualitative rating is made of the concrete permeability.

No one test may be seen as best because of the effects of many factors affecting test processes. I would suggest a combination of complementary methods already mentioned. This should take into consideration the pore structure of the mortar or concrete which would influence the amount of chloride penetration that could take place. Note also the age or stage of hydration because of reaction of the chloride with cement hydrating phases. I'm not sure if someone had mentioned the RILEM TC 178-TMC method (2002).

also

agree with Semion Zhutovsky

regards

Yes, the estimation of chloride ions diffusion through a concrete can give data on the permeability performance of concrete. A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device.

Interesting discussion.

Thanks to all

Yes, the penetrability of concrete is mainly related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrixAs an index, the more the cementitious material is older, the more highly developed will be the capillary network (more voluminious pore structure)The most used methods in the field to evaluate chloride ion penetration are:

• Salt Ponding Test
• Sorptivity
• Ultrasound Non-Destructive Technique (by studying the rheology during the hardening age)

Yes, the penetrability of concrete is mainly related to the pore structure of the cement paste matrixAs an index, the more the cementitious material is older, the more highly developed will be the capillary network (more voluminious pore structure)The most used methods in the field to evaluate chloride ion penetration are:

• Salt Ponding Test
• Sorptivity
• Ultrasound Non-Destructive Technique (by studying the rheology during the hardening age)

Goodand interesting discussion

Very useful and interesting discussion

Truly informative! Thanks Prof Mohamed for bringing up this discussion.

Very interesting discussion

Chloride Permeability Test is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. exactly as mentioned by Pr Saleh Abd El-Aleem Mohamed El-Awney

Chloride Ion Penetrability

> 4,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) High

2,000 - 4,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Moderate

1,000 - 2,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Low

100 - 1,000 Charge Passed (coulombs) Very Low

http://www.nordtest.info/index.php/methods/item/concrete-mortar-and-cement-based-repair-materials-chloride-migration-coefficient-from-non-steady-state-migration-experiments-nt-build-492.html

A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. A reservoir is filled with 3.0 % NaCl solution, while another reservoir is filled with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is then subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage for 6 hours.

Thanks for your interesting and valuable comments.

I have a question whether these methods will work for magnesium oxychloride cement where free chloride ions are a significant issue.

Peter, yours seems different from RCPT which only test Cl permeability. Your binder may require free or total Cl determination.

Agreed, the normal case is to test for both of those, as we are writing new ASTM standards for these materials I am interested to learn what is the best method to use.

Dear Prof. Bentz, I strongly agree with your comment.

Dear Prof. Bentz, Thank you very much for your useful comment.

Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter.

Yes the following articles are very interested for this question:

Baroghel-Bouny, V., Belin, P., Maultzsch, M., and Henry, D., AgNO3 spray tests: advantages, weaknesses, and various applications to quantify chloride ingress into concrete. Part 1: non-steady-state-diffusion tests and exposure to natural conditions. Materials and Structures, Vol. 40 (8), 759-781, 2007 and Part 2: non-steady-state migration tests and chloride diffuison coefficients. Vol. 40 (8), 783-799.

As an alternate to the silver nitrate spray test, a more quantitative measure of the chloride profile can be obtained using either electron microprobe, transmission x-ray microscopy, or micro x-ray fluorescence analysis as per:

Jensen, O.M., Hansen, P.F., Coats, A.M., and Glasser, F.P. Chloride ingress in cement paste and mortar, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29 (9), 1497-1504, 1999.

Snyder, K.A., Bentz, D.P., and Davis, J.M., Using viscosity modifiers to reduce effective diffusivity in mortars, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24 (8), 1017-1024, 2012.

Moradllo, M.K., Sudbrink, B., Hu, Q., Aboustait, M., Tabb, B., Ley, M.T., and Davis, J. Using micro X-ray fluorescence to image chloride profiles in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 92, 128-141, 2017.

Moradllo, M.K., Hu, Q., and Ley, M.T., Using X-ray imaging to investigate in-situ ion diffusion in cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 136, 88-98, 2017.

Dear Prof. Dr. D. P. Bentz, I completely agree with your comment.

Yes the following articles are very interested:

Moradllo, M.K., Sudbrink, B., Hu, Q., Aboustait, M., Tabb, B., Ley, M.T., and Davis, J. Using micro X-ray fluorescence to image chloride profiles in concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 92, 128-141, 2017.

Moradllo, M.K., Hu, Q., and Ley, M.T., Using X-ray imaging to investigate in-situ ion diffusion in cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 136, 88-98, 2017.

Dehghan, A., Peterson, K., Riehm, G., and Bromerchenkel, L.H., Application of X-ray microfluorescence for the determination of chloride diffusion coefficients in concrete chloride penetration experiments, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 148, 85-95, 2017.

Yes, the estimation of chloride ions diffusivity through a concrete can give data on the permeability performance of concrete. A lower chloride permeability is essential to achieve durable concrete structure. Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed by monitoring the amount of electrical current that flow thorough a sample of concrete, which is typically cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. According to ASTM C1202, concrete specimen of 50 mm thick and 100 mm diameter. The specimen is placed in a vacuum chamber for 3 hours then vacuum saturated for 1 more hour and left to soak in water for 18 hours. The specimen is then placed in the test device. A reservoir is filled with 3.0 % NaCl solution, while another reservoir is filled with 0.3 M NaOH solution. The specimen is then subjected to a 60 V applied DC voltage for 6 hours. The current that passes through the specimen during the test indicates the movement of all the ions in the pore solution.

Check the following reference Please.. it might's assist you in your question …

https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/chlconcrete.pdf