I know that the choice of the best anti-oxidant depends on the particular disease or the tissue involved in the oxidant damage. It appears that many anti-oxidants whose anti-oxidant activity is not much in-vitro works very well in-vivo while there are some general antioxidants such as Vit E or C. Even with these general anti-oxidants there appears to be differences in their activities.
So, my question to you is: what is the best anti-oxidant for the disease you are working on. Please state the disease, anti-oxidant and reason for your answer. Thank you.
Till today, I think melatonin is the first choice as antioxidant. Up to 33rd generation, it works as antioxidant only.
NAC N-Acytyl- Cysteine is and anti-oxidant and radical scavenger frequently used in experiments.
We, like others, work with molecular hydrogen (H2), which is shown to have positive effects in hundrets of diseases. For review see Ohno et al.
Greetings Prof Kabir, Compliments.
The mechanism of toxicity of the toxicant or disease causative agent, as well the protective/therapeutic mechanism of the antioxidant of interest should determine the choice of antioxidants to use. I am of the opinion that it is not advisable to select antioxidants at random without understanding how the antioxidants function (from literature). Some antioxidant help to boost antioxidant enzymes while others help to maintain the tissues in the reduced state. That is the reason some antioxidants work better than others with respect to a disease state.
Indeed, in some instances, an antioxidant may potentiate toxicity when administered to animals in a diseased state.
Reference 1: Kachadourian R1, Leitner HM, Day BJ. Selected flavonoids potentiate the toxicity of cisplatin in human lung adenocarcinoma cells: a role for glutathione depletion. Int J Oncol. 2007 Jul;31(1):161-8.
Another example: Antioxidants with `peroxidase-like` activity such as diphenyl diselenide, would be a good choice for diseases in which peroxides are involved.
Reference 2: de Bem AF, Fiuza B, Calcerrada P, Brito PM, Peluffo G, Dinis TC, Trujillo M, Rocha JB, Radi R, Almeida LM. Protective effect of diphenyl diselenide against peroxynitrite-mediated endothelial cell death: A comparison with ebselen. Nitric Oxide. 2013 May 31;31:20-30. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.03.003.
Well. You might want to check mitochondria targeted antioxidants. They are in general used in much smaller concentrations. In our laboratory we have worked with skq and different ischemic pathologies, like kidney or brain ishemia.
For example, though there are a lot of related works.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898194
Till today, I think melatonin is the first choice as antioxidant. Up to 33rd generation, it works as antioxidant only.
Except for melatonin I would agree with all of the answers above. Of course, I will restate that desirable endpoints will first be sorted by whether this is an in vitro or in vivo ( ) application. The next sort will be lipid soluble (membrane) versus water (cytoplasmic). Finally, subcomponents i.e proteins to be stabilized or organelles (mitochondria).
Dear Nurul Kabir, greetings!
I think that there is no single and simple answer to your question.
This because in every cell and tissue conditions are different. There are many radicals, some of them may have local damaging actions. But mostly, because the science on free radicals and oxidative stress, in general, is in a deep crisis.
The answers, I see above, just prove this.
Try, for example, to answer a "simple" question: What radical is the most dangerous?
If you read some reviews, you will find that actually there is no such radical that currently would be regarded as the "most dangerous" and responsible for oxidative stress. In fact, there is such a radical, but nobody considers it as "dangerous". This is the perhydroxyl radical - a protonated form of superoxide radical.
The topic is debatable. However, I agree with Panov; "decisions" cannot be made in this case.
Dear Panov and Khaleel,
Yes, it is hard to define or associate a single anti-oxidant for a particular disease. However, there are some that can be suggested. For example, cinnamic acid or its derivative such as caffeic acid is very good for diabetes. Many studies have suggested this is because not only of its anti-oxidant action but also because of direct insulin-mimetic action on glucose transporters. It also showed very good activity against aging as it has strong anti-glycation properties.
In fact, it appears from many recent studies that anti-oxidants may have mechanism of action other than simply quenching free radicals. Some studies have suggested that it is impossible to quench the free radicals because of very fast reaction kinetics of the small molecules of the free radicals and the relatively large size (hence slow moving) of the anti-oxidants.
Yet, this is what we have as possible treatment or prevention against so many diseases.
Regards
Dear Dr. Nurul Kabir.
You mentioned one of the most interesting, from the practical point of view, approaches to fight “Oxidative stress”. In many cases this is due to influences on metabolic pathways rather than direct interactions of active compounds with radicals. You gave an example of such an influence on metabolism of glucose. In my experiments I have observed similar influence on ROS production by malic acid, which slows down reverse electron transport. However, animals, like people, have different metabolic features and therefore differ in responses.
Douglas Wallace once noted that the amount of food consumed is, probably, the most universal controller of ROS production. During limited food consumption, the potential sites responsible for superoxide production are more oxidized than during overfeeding.
The Metabolic syndrome is another example of the age-dependent hormonal influence on oxidative stress. It is a very complex problem.
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