Please refer me the book or any research paper from which I can find out.
Depends on the context. You should read the text surrounding the equation in which S is first introduced to find out.
+10 @ Lauren Weiss
Also, there is no "S" in http://pdg.lbl.gov/2014/reviews/rpp2014-rev-astrophysical-constants.pdf :)
The question is whether Rudra is asking about the constant "S" or the function "S".
Thats right. S may be the even solar constant. Refer "The Sun" by Michael Stix.
Astrophysical S-factor? S(E) = E exp(2πη)σ(E) - a nuclear crossection without the energy dependence in it,
As already mentioned, there is no standard definition of S in astrophysics, although S is frequently used (but always defined, not assumed that the reader magically already knows) in certain subfields, such as radiation transfer. S can be anything. Your question is therefore unanswerable unless you can provide further context.
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