Reverse pharmacology and forward pharmacology are two approaches to drug discovery. I want to know the clear and simple difference and which is better among these.
In 2001, Mr T. TAKENAKA has written a really good paper on this issue. I would recommend you to read his paper that i attached for you. Hope it will really help you.
Can any one ellaborate the menaing of "clinics to lab" and "lab. To clinics" approaches in these type of pharmacology
Dear Vinay and Guy-Armel:
Thank you both for this great question and great answer.
Best,
Juan./
Shorter, sharper and sweeter just imposible... !!
¿ Could you provide us with some references on this Ayurvedic pharmacological pathway approach ?
Thank you very much again, Dr. Pandya.
Reverse pharmacology when new indicationes and new mechanism of action in previously used drug are indentified after regular use of this drug and forward pharmacology, when new drug is synthethised
In short:
Forward pharmacology: drug to gene
Reverse pharmacology: gene to drug
This definition is consistent with TAKENAKA paper that Guy-Armel Bounda posted above. See also J Med Chem. 2012 May 24;55(10):4527-38. doi: 10.1021/jm201649s, PMID: 22409666
In forward pharmacology, also known as classical pharmacology or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), compounds are screened in cellular or animal disease models to identify compounds that have beneficial effect. Only after an active drug has been identified, is an attempt made to identify the biological target of the drug (i.e. drug to gene). This is traditionally the way drug discovery was carried out (pre human genome project).
In reverse pharmacology, also known as target based drug discovery (TDD), a biological target is hypothesized to be disease modifying. A high throughput screen of compounds libraries against the purified protein target is completed to identify hits. These hits are optimized and then tested in animal models of the disease. (i.e., gene to drug) This is the way most drug discovery is carried out today (post human genome project).
The empirical evidence is that PDD is a more effective than TDD in discovering novel first in class medication. See: Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2011 Jun 24;10(7):507-19. doi: 10.1038/nrd3480, PMID: 21701501
Finally it is important to point out that while the Ayurveda approach has been described as reverse pharmacology by Ashok Vaidya, it is really classical or forward pharmacology.
All the two methods achieve relatively the same outcome except that, When working with natural products, the reverse Pharmacolgy method is cheaper as it allows you to select products with some proven efficacy, observe those being treated and select the best for Forward Pharmacology study. Just the two short definition provided by Konrad summerises it all.
attached is a paper on the reverse pharmacology approach used to develope an antimalarials in Mali by Willcox et al; 2011. that I downloaded in 2012. I hope it will give you more insight.
The ayurvedic knowledge database allows drug researchers to start from a well-tested and safe botanical material. With ayurveda, the normal drug discovery course of ‘laboratories to clinics’ actually becomes from ‘clinics to laboratories’ – a reverse pharmacology approach. In ayurvedic medicine research, clinical experiences, observations or available data becomes a starting point. In conventional drug research, it comes at the end. Thus, the drug discovery based on ayurveda follows a ‘reverse pharmacology’ path.
In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology,also known as forward pharmacology,
The definition of reverse pharmacology used by Ashok Vaidya is really unfortunate since it is the exact opposite of how it usually is defined. The standard definition of classical/forward pharmacology dates back to at least 2001 (see the linked paper supplied by Guy-Armel Bounda (Takenaka T (September 2001). "Classical vs reverse pharmacology in drug discovery". BJU Int. 88 Suppl 2: 7–10; doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2001.00112.x. PMID 11589663). The earliest definition published by Ashok Vaisya that I can locate was in 2006 (Vaidya ADB (2006). "Reverse pharmacological correlates of ayurvedic drug actions". Indian Journal of Pharmacology 38 (5): 311. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.27697).
An even earlier paper that used the term reverse pharmacology in the opposite sense than Ashok Vaidya (gene -> drug) is the following:
Hewlett AC, Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1990 Oct;11(10):395-7. Reverse pharmacology applied to the cannabinoid receptor. PMID:2256177 doi:10.1016/0165-6147(90)90142-U
In normal drug discovery programme,information about efficacy of drug in human beings is generated in the last stage ,through clinical trials.and suitable documentation.However in reverse pharmacology, documented information about clinical efficacy of certain medicinal plants ,already available in traditional knowledge base like Ayurveda is is used as a starting point for introducing scientifically validated new drug formulation
“The reverse pharmacology described here relates to reversing the laboratory-to-clinic process of discovery, to one of clinics-to-laboratories [20]. This is known as reverse pharmacology”. Statement found on the internet as “Drug Discovery and Ayurveda”, Bhushan Patwardhan, Girish Tillu in “Integrative Approaches for Health, 2015” apparently from Chapter 9 – Drug Discovery and Ayurveda, Bhushan Patwardhan, PhD, Gururaj Mutalik, MD, Girish Tillu, MD . which apparently is a Web page sample as courtesy to interested readers.
You may find clarifying analogy here: " Reverse pharmacognosy: another way to harness the generosity of nature." S Blondeau, QT Do, T Scior, P Bernard, L Morin-Allory. Current pharmaceutical design 16 (15), 1682-1696.
Konrad Koehler Your summarized response above is straight forward and clearly differentiates the two approaches.
Thanks
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