Can you explain about it? Since software simulations have certain limitations, validation of new segmentation methods can be done using human-like phantoms, whose physical properties (e.g., geometry of the tissue structures and material properties) are known and are similar to the in vivo properties. The phantom images are generated using the MRI scanner and are more realistic than images generated with software simulations.
It's called the Shepp-Logan phantom: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepp%E2%80%93Logan_phantom
It's typically used in mathematical formulations of the image formation process. Because it is computable using simple shapes for which the forward transform is known, you can exactly calculate the error in the reconstruction when computing the approximate inverse using your reconstruction method. Compare the approximate inverse (your reconstruction) with the Shepp-Logan phantom and you have a measure of your method's error.
Here it is:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepp%E2%80%93Logan_phantom#/media/File:SheppLogan_Phantom.svg
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