What is inside the boiler drum and how it is the steam separated from feed water?
The short answer is, a "steam drum."
There are different types of boilers. If you want a boiler for generating steam, then the common approach these days is to have feed water toward the bottom channeled to multiple tubes. The tubes are heated by the furance around them, and the tubes meet at the top of this structure, in a "steam drum." Water is heated efficiently in these tubes (lots of surface area for heat transfer), and as steam separates from the water it is collected in the steam drum.
The boiler control system has to ensure that the steam drum never overflows with water, or you will get water forced through the steam lines. A very bad thing.
To get more energy in the steam, after the steam exits the steam drum, it is sent through another set of tubes, back into the furnace again. This is called "superheating." It makes the steam hotter than it would be if the steam and water were in the same vessel.
Agreed, steam separators separates water and steam with boiler drum water high level control system. In addition scrubber elements are used to remove any water traces after separator outlet.
Sometime you can find in the drum steam separators (cyclone or other inertial geometry), in order to "catch" the water droplets.
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