Direct and indirect impacts on biodiversity are related to changes in the environment and climate.

Direct impacts on biodiversity include physical and chemical changes in the environment that directly affect species. Examples include:

Habitat destruction and alteration: Direct impacts, such as deforestation or coastal development, destroy habitats, resulting in loss of biodiversity.

Pollution: Emissions of pollutants into water and air can cause direct harm to organisms, which leads to a decrease in the number of species.

Overpopulation and overpopulation: An increase in the number of people and related activities, such as hunting and fishing, can directly affect species, threatening their extinction.

Indirect impacts on biodiversity are associated with changes in climate and impacts on ecosystems, which entails cascading effects on species. Examples include:

Climate change: Global warming affects the distribution of species and the time of their activity, which can create competition and threats for species accustomed to certain climatic conditions.

Changing resource availability: Changes in climate can affect the availability of food, water, and shelters for species, which can put indirect pressure on them.

Changes in ecosystem interactions: Changes in climate can cause shifts in ecosystem interactions, including predator-prey interactions and interactions with biological pests. It can also affect biodiversity.

Thus, climate change affects both direct and indirect interactions of species by changing conditions and resources in their habitats. These changes can cause a loss of biodiversity, a shift in the distribution of species and a threat to ecosystems as a whole. Therefore, climate change management and biodiversity conservation are closely interrelated and require joint efforts.

Dr Zulfiya Erzatovna Bayazitova thank you for your contribution to the discussion

A direct driver unequivocally influences ecosystem processes. An indirect driver operates more diffusely, by altering one or more direct drivers. Important direct drivers affecting biodiversity are habitat change, climate change, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. “Indirect effect” is a general term referring to a broad variety of species interactions that can occur through chains of direct species interactions, such as predation or interference competition. Biodiversity underpins the health of the planet and has a direct impact on all our lives. Put simply, reduced biodiversity means millions of people face a future where food supplies are more vulnerable to pests and disease, and where fresh water is in irregular or short supply. Climate change can affect individual species but also their ecological interactions. Local climate change effects on plants and animal can disrupt their interactions. Drought increases plant mortality and reduces the production of flowers and fruits. The indirect consequences of climate change, which directly affect us humans and our environment, include: an increase in hunger and water crises, especially in developing countries. threat to livelihoods from floods and forest fires and health risks due to increase in frequency and intensity of heat extremes.

One of the most noticeable recent impacts of climate change, especially global warming, is the alteration of phenology, particularly the mismatch between the timing of seasons and the hatching of pollinators. The shorter cold seasons result in flowers blooming earlier than pollinator eggs hatch. Consequently, they cannot access plant resources adequately. On the other hand, when the flowers bloom, there is often a shortage of species-specific pollinators to facilitate the pollination process.

Climate change also accelerates the proliferation of non-native and invasive species, enabling them to spread rapidly and infiltrate new regions.

These are some examples of climate change's effects on biodiversity.

Dr Farzaneh Bordbar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Climate change is also changing the way species and populations interact with the environment and one another. These impacts can be felt throughout an entire ecosystem. As, climate change is increasing the spread of invasive species in some areas. An invasive species is one that is not native to an area.Climate change can affect individual species but also their ecological interactions. Local climate change effects on plants and animal can disrupt their interactions. Drought increases plant mortality and reduces the production of flowers and fruits. The impacts of climate change include warming temperatures, changes in precipitation, and increases in the frequency or intensity of some extreme weather events, and rising sea levels. These impacts threaten our health by affecting the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breathe, and the weather we experience. While direct measures of climate, such as average temperature or precipitation, tell a story about changing temperature, indirect measurements tell a story about the changes that are happening because of changing temperature, such as changes in ocean currents, frequency of hurricanes, or the melting of sea ice. Climate change can alter where species live, how they interact, and the timing of biological events, which could fundamentally transform current ecosystems and food webs. Global warming resulting from human emissions of greenhouse gases the consequences include habitat loss; shifts in climatic conditions and in habitats that surpass migration capabilities; altered competitive relationships. Indirect impacts are sometimes called 'secondary impacts', but their negative consequences for biodiversity are often very large. “Indirect effect” is a general term referring to a broad variety of species interactions that can occur through chains of direct species interactions, such as predation or interference competition. A direct driver unequivocally influences ecosystem processes. An indirect driver operates more diffusely, by altering one or more direct drivers. Important direct drivers affecting biodiversity are habitat change, climate change, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. Direct measures of biodiversity conservation involve actions that directly protect or enhance biodiversity, such as habitat restoration or species reintroduction. Indirect measures focus on addressing underlying causes of biodiversity loss, such as reducing pollution or promoting sustainable land use.