I have just put a paper, in my profile, giving an explanation to the photon and the neutrino. There was some problem with the process, so I think it was not shared with specialists, as intended.
Therefore, i put this into a discussion theme.
If you are interested, please have a look and give your comments.
JES
Stellan Gustafsson,
In case of Kerr geometry from which a vacuum exact metric solution to Einstein‘s field equations can be derived, a photon or a neutrino is a pointlike mass or energy that spins in such a way that the mass or energy redistributes itself due to its spin as a rotating ring of radius R = L/mc, where m is an equivalent mass in case of the photon following Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence. The hole in the middle of that ring constitutes a wormhole,thus a bridge to another universe,where that universe is part of Deutsch's multiverse.
More details can be found in the great book “Lorentzian Wormholes from Einstein to Hawking” by top expert in gravity and quantum field theory Professor Matt Visser at Victoria University of Wellington.
Dear Stellan Gustafsson I am independent researcher, yet I am not follow anyone.
When you ask WHAT IS A PHOTON OR A NUETRON? by today standard we see everything is acting mechanical, i.e. photon, electron, proton, neutron and so on. But this perception is absolutely incorrect, when the Universe is acting Quantum Mechanics phenomenon. We do not know an atom, we have not seen electron. we do not know how an atom is working. Just brief. Atom is made of three section one it is Hadrons (proton/neutron) 2nd Electron and the 3rd which it is most important of an atom and occupy over 99.9% of an tom, the section between hadron and electron SPACE.
My question of you is how do you know there is NUETRON outside an atom is exist while we do not know atom?
Dear Issam Mohanna ,
A theory is always a theory, it's a good theory when it agrees with experimental data.
It's up to you to decide what you think is most correct. But, I would give my vote on the least complicated one.
JES
Dear Javad Fardaei ,
There is only theoretical discussions that can go further than the experimental data.
Today fundamental physics is done by mathematicians, believing in magic and mathematics. I don't belong to this group, everything should have a logical suite, i.e., action has always a reaction, energy do not appear from vacuum, ...
About the atom, you will find a description of the atom and the electrons behaviour around the nucleus, in another paper under my profile. I'm at the moment preparing an update for the paper on particles in general, so the proton and the neutron will be refreshed in short.
My study is not yet complete, so I will continue to make updates, maybe for another month.
JES
Stellan Gustafsson,
Einstein's general relativity even when quantum effects are considered is extremely well tested theory and has successfully withstood the test of time and experimental verification and will remain so in the future. Recently GR passed with flying colors a very serious test set by ESO through their cutting-edge instruments as displayed in the attached ESO YouTube video, where it has been shown how the orbit of S2 star due to spacetime curvature of the strong gravitational field round Sagittatrius A* supermassive black hole fits exactly the mathematical predictions of general relativity.
Enjoy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=if2opecmev8&t=352s
Dear Issam Mohanna ,
just because you have money and infrastructure, to make a "very nice" video, you don't come nearer to the truth.
General relativity is a phenomenological theory, that doesn't explain anything.
For example you bend the space?! How do you do that! How does the force of gravitation acts on another body?
It is not because it's the "God Einstein" that invented it that its more correct, its more like; at the moment we don't have anything better.
JES
To understand what a photon is, one must understand why there is a finite, universal, constant and invariant speed limit at which massless light quanta are communicated. You can find this in my profile article: 'c' for Yourself.
Briefly, by length contraction, a light quantum sees zero spatial path between emitter and absorber. More importantly, the invariant interval separation (in 4D spacetime) between emitter and absorber is defined as (and agreed by all observers) to be zero. Thus, nothing is faster than speed c because nothing is closer than contact!
The particle aspects of light are explained by direct, physical contact in 4D.
Stellan Gustafsson,
Top British mathematician and physicist Arthur Eddington explains how space with time gets bent due to gravity in this interesting and short YouTube video
I hope you watch it carefully and think about it deeply and seriously.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlDmDPeMw4w
Dear David Colasante ,
You value mathematics and magic too much.
Sorry
JES
Dear Issam Mohanna ,
You like and believe in to many Youtube videos; you should sit down without computer and think about physics.
Sorry
JES
David Colasante,
What you wrote about light speed as a speed limit, where time stops and which is unattainable by any massive object, is surely correct and experimentally verified, confirming the correctness of Einstein’s special relativity.
As a consequence, a clock carried by a photon is said to be frozen. Another consequence is that an object as it moves, its relativistic mass also increases with respect to an inertial observer. Near the speed of light, that mass becomes so high that it reaches infinity and would require infinite energy to move it farther.
Astrophysicist and top expert in Einstein’s relativity Professor Neil deGrasse Tyson gives an explanation similar to yours in this very interesting and short National-Geographic YouTube video, which I am sure you will enjoy.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8lx19V7SNg
No magic, just geometry, which is as real in 4D as it is in 3D. What's new is my approach, which rearranges the conventional (spacelike) interval equation from: d2 = x2 – t2, to: x2 = d2 + t2. This results in an undistorted flat map with interval-time coordinates (space is the hypotenuse). In the limit as spatial (x) and temporal (t) separation become equal, the interval (d) vanishes. You asked, what is a photon? The particle aspect of light is interval contact. No "photon" is needed to transmit a light quantum.
Thanks Issam,
True, mass-energy increases without bound as speed approaches limit c. However, one cannot use this as an explanation for limit c because, limit c was an original postulate of Einstein's Relativity, from which relativistic mass-energy was derived. Such an explanation would be circular.
David Colasante,
I would like to call your attention that the speed of light as a speed limit is not one of the postulates of Einstein's special relativity. To clarify, the second postulate states that the speed of light is the same in all (Lorentzian) inertial frames.
What is really amazing and confirmed experimentally is that when adding the second postulate to the first postulate,which states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, one gets that it is impossible for any massive particle to travel faster than light.
In this interesting and short YouTube video, Albert Einstein in the presence of his friend Max Planck gives more details.Enjoy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2ZWOYv_0Mk
Issam,
Yes, most succinctly c=c'. But the reason that postulate is true (i.e. c is invariant) is that c is a natural speed limit. c is universal because it derives from the structure (geometry) underlying the universe.
While Dr. Tyson correctly identifies light emission and absorption as the same event, he was ambiguous in stating that "for a photon, time stops." It would have been more accurate to say, "light does not age". Light always arrives at its absorber in the future of its emitter, so time (aging of the cosmos) didn't stop. Rather, in traversing a zero interval, light bypasses time and space. As is evident from the interval-time diagram above, the trajectory of a light quantum is perpendicular to the temporal (aging) coordinate. Thus, light ages zero in crossing an interval path of zero span. That light bypasses time and space is more suggestive of a type of wormhole (a spacetime "pinhole") than a "photon" particle.
The question itself is ambigous. If the asking man has in its background a classical vision, he wants a classical-like answer. But this answers doesn't exist.
Photons and neutrinos correspond to sets of quantum equations and formalisms.
A "visualizable" image it's impossible in general. Now we can try to construct Images, animations, etc., but we always use "pieces" of classical vision.
David Colasante,
We surely agree with you that light as photons does not age. Following Penrose,Ignazio,and Gourgoulhon,this is equivalent to say that a clock carried by a photon does not tick or time as shown by a clock carried by a photon is frozen relative to a Lorentzian inertial frame.
We also agree with you that spacetime interval between two points on the path of a photon is zero. Following top experts in relativity such as Gron, Tsamparnis, and Villata, this is equivalent to say that a photon does not have proper time.
The physical speed limit, which is in the case of light signals carrying information is the light speed, is a part of the geometrical structure of Minkowski spacetime. But, on the other hand,it is not the second postulate of special relativity as set by Professor Einstein.
A lot of details can be found in the great book”Lecture Notes on the Theory of General Relativity” by distinguished and top expert in gravity Øyvind Grøn.
Thanks Issam,
Fair enough. I model the physical connection between the invariance of c (the 2nd postulate) and the fact that it is an absolute limit in "c for Yourself" above.
With respect to Stellan's original question, can we bring ourselves to admit that the agreed zero interval separation is in fact, direct physical contact in 4D? A "photon" would thus be replaced by an emitter bumping an absorber across indefinitely large (but equal) spans of time & space to transmit a light quantum. This supplies a more elegant explanation of the photoelectric effect than the one which got Einstein his Nobel prize.
“What is a photon or a neutrino?”
- photon is a particle, which is some specific mediator of the fundamental Nature “EM Force”, neutrinos are particles that are created at interactions that are caused by other fundamental Nature Force – “Weak Force”.
In Matter there exist two fundamentally different types of particles, which with a very non-zero probability are created in the dense 4D lattice of the 4D fundamental logical elements (FLE), which is placed in the 4D sub-spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z) of Matter’s absolute [5]4D Euclidian spacetime with metrics (cτ,X,Y,Z,ct),
- after some the lattice’s FLE is impacted by some Force’s 4D momentum:
- “T-particles” that are created by momentums that are directed along cτ-axis/dimension, and
- “S- particles” that are created by momentums that have space directions.
All/ every particles are always moving in the 4D sub-spacetime with 4D speeds that have identical absolute values being equal to the standard speed of light, so
- S-particles, including photons, since move only in 3S space, move in the space only with the speed of light, their speed in the cτ-dimension is equal to zero,
-T-particles, which if are at rest in the space move in cτ-dimension with the speed of light, after be impacted by some space momentums, move, besides the cτ-axis, also in the space, and so always move in the space with speeds that are lesser than the speed of light, and, besides, these particles so have “rest masses”;
- and, besides, when the S-particles are bosons, the fundamental T-particles are fermions, and so, say, neutrinos have rest masses.
From the above follow – what are the Lorentz transformations, what means that “light as photons does not age”, etc.
More see a few SS posts at least on the visible page in the thread https://www.researchgate.net/post/Relativity_of_simultaneity_and_free_fall_Do_all_observers_see_that_two_objects_reach_the_surface_at_the_same_time_when_they_are_dropped
- where really comments to most of the posts in this thread are given,
- and which - and, of course, the papers that are linked in the posts - are useful for readers, who indeed want to understand what is the SR - and what the correct mechanics is.
Cheers
Dear Sergey Shevchenko ,
from your comment, I can only conclude that, you have absolutely no idea; what is a photon or a neutrino. Not to speak about SR or GR. But, don't worry be cause you are not the only one, just look at the presiding comments.
JES
Dear Stellan Gustafsson,
“…Dear Sergey Shevchenko , from your comment, I can only conclude that, you have absolutely no idea; etc.…..”
- sorry, but this acknowledgement isn’t interesting for me, in practically every such case somebody understand what is written, somebody don’t understand, that is completely routine practice. When the SS posts on RG - as, of course, posts of all other RG members - are intended not only for concrete humans, including in this case for you, but for all possible readers, including for you, of course, also, some of which can be able to understand.
Cheers
Stellan,
It takes some effort to supply an answer to your question. Yet your dismissive replies lack any thoughtful refutation. Why should anyone try to help you?
Both neutrino and photon are particles that serves as medium of interaction. For neutrino it's weak interaction and for photon its electromagnetic interaction. The first difference is that neutrino has spin 1/2 while photon has spin 1. The second difference is that neutrino has non-zero mass and spacial wave function. But photon is a collective excitation of electricmagnetic field. It has zero mass and so far its spacial wave function has not been constructed.
The smallest unit and complete element of the Universe is atom, anything smaller than atom is consider particle or non-chemical element . all the particles can not take any brand name such as neutrinos, proton. electron, neutron. baryons, boson...etc. The photon is product of suns energy through quality of space of universe creating wave, Space of universe has character, when it get temperature it create wave and photon is riding this wave. as it is traveling lose it energy (frequency and wavelength)
Dear Preston Guynn ,
You said something of interest, the electron has a sub-structure? Do you have a reference?
The asking man JES
Dear Preston Guynn ,
Theoretical fantasies is not a proof of anything. As far as I know there is no evidence of any substructure for the electron.
The first rule for a good theory is that it should agree with experimental data.
It's not difficult to find reasons for a precise fit to some constant, just look at the standard model. A typical example of collective stupidity.
JES
Dear Preston Guynn
A theoretical reasoning is not a proof!
Only experimental results can be taken as proof.
I have also made a theory "The Daon Theory" which explains everything in a very simple and logical way. Especially it agrees with all experimental data ( as far as I know).
If you can say the same for you theory, then I will have look at it. But, if I find a disagreement between your theory and experimental facts, or logical absurdities I will immediately drop out.
JES
So what? Electrons and neutrinos do not need further experimental evidence. Yet, again, the experimental evidence can only be expressed in classical Language.
So what?
What is wrong with a classical language?
If you don't understand something using "classical language" how you can be sure that you have understood anything.
Mathematics is an instrument, it shouldn't be used to understand anything.
JES
So what? Describing different esperiments on the same microobject with classical language leads to ambiguous statements. May be a particle, may be a wave, and so on.
Dear Carlo Tarsitani ,
That is not true!
Let us take the photon as example:
According to me; the photon is a particle with a mass E/c2, it is created with low velocity and is then accelerated in the interaction with the surrounding media.
It's trajectory is a spiralling one, where transverse velocity is also accelerated so that both the longitudinal and transverse velocity reach the signal speed, i.e. c.
The photon has an electric field perpendicular to its velocity and a magnetic field circulating around the electrical field.
This explain many of the characteristics of the photon. If you want more details you can always read my presentation ( see initial question).
JES
They way I look at "Photon" and " Neutrino" is very different from everyone.
One of the biggest thing that we ignore is space character. Space has infinite characters, one of the precious element of the Universe, but unfortunately we think it is just holder, while we should consider it as substance. i.e. the space is holding 99.99% of an atom, it act toward of Temperature and pressure simultaneously in all the atoms. Another its character is, when it get temperature, it create wave to carrying this temperature, which we call it Photon, therefore it has nothing to do with Neutrino.
The complete smallest unit of universe is atom, and atom beside of space is carrying proton/neutron and electron. Anything smaller than an atom is called particle, and that particle can not be element of an atom outside of its body, therefore it is wrong to say free electron, neutron, baryon and others, including Neutrino.
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