Dear Anatoly A Khripov nothing in nature work mechanically... all Newton's law is mechanics, therefore all Newtonian law is incorrect.

Simply earth is situated in such line on solar system that everything is falling to that line by nature of any solar system. But gravity is internal of atom, and hopefully soon or later it will be teach Quantum Gravity.

Article Gravity is an Internal Force

regards

Hello, you may have a different notion of Newton's Laws in our work (sorry for being in Portuguese), but it can help in something:

https://jornada.ifsuldeminas.edu.br/index.php/jctpcs2020/jctpcs2020/paper/view/6302

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It simply means "No loss, no gain; no effort, no success".

In other words, it means that no change of physical state is possible without the application of an external force.

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It is necessary to divide the levels of the material world into micro-where Newton's laws act mechanically, and quantum-mechanical, where changes can occur.

Clarification. It is necessary to divide the levels of the material world into micro- and macro-, where Newton's laws operate mechanically, and quantum-mechanical, where changes can occur.

Below are articles on a proof of the 2nd Newton law when F=0, take a look at

Article Experiment to Detect Dark Energy Forces Using Atom Interferometry

https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4189

Thank you for the information. However, a more detailed acquaintance with it is now difficult for me. There are a number of works to be completed. I will be glad to our contacts in 3-4 months.

My personal interpretation of Newton's first law is that a body will resist any change in its state of motion with an amount of resistance equal to any externally applied force, whichever direction this force is applied to it.

This resistance of a body's state of motion to be changed being what we name inertia, this means that the body displays omnidirectional inertia.

Also, this resistance to an external interaction being symmetric by definition, it directly correlates with Newton's third law of motion.

I started the talk because I see the definition of inertial frame reference (in the 1st law according russian textbooks) which is not used widely in practice. You see above how it is hard to check the 1 st law. There are not other definitions or practical methods of finding it in textbooks (russians and translations I mean mainly).

Anybody knows another definitions of inertial frame reference? What are the main experiments confirming that Solar system barycenter coordinate system is inertial? What method is the most practical one on the inertial system determination?

It is necessary to divide the material world into levels.

Micro- Macro- and Planetary, Stellar and stellar systems, etc.

Each of them additionally has its own physical laws.

This is their frame of reference, as well as their invariance.

Yes this is their axial sequence of stable reference frames, that is, their axial sequence of stable stationary action resonance states, from the most intense to the least intense.

In real physics, energy changes are required for resonance states to appear. Where is it in your calculation (purely theoretical) systems?

At the subatomic level, stabilized resonance states are due to predominantly repulsive magnetic interaction between nuclei an electrons due to differences in magnetic aspect oscillating frequencies coupled with forced parallel spin alignment. Theoretical of course:

Michaud, A. (2018). The Hydrogen Atom Fundamental Resonance States. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 1052-1110. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2018.95067

https://www.scirp.org/pdf/JMP_2018042716061246.pdf

Ok! Maybe someday it will be measured.

If somebody read the above dark energy search articles he might see that their results (absence of caesium atom acceleration with the error in the range of 30-200 nm/s^2) are quite rough even in MOLECULAR scale! So it seems to me it is not quite well suited nor for dark energy search neigher for 2nd Newton law check. This conclusion can be made even schoolboy.

What acceleration (for translational motion) do we have in microworld? Water self diffusion coefficient D for translational motion is about 10^(-5) cm^2/s. So water molecule in pure water freely diffuses with such rate. Use Einstein relation r^2=6*D*t and see that it travels about 1 micrometer per 1 second. Or we have water molecule acceleration of about 1000 nm/s^2 (tell me if I am wrong).

Translational self-diffusion coefficient of crystal atoms of rigid body or very slow diffusion coefficient of massive polymers in solution is about 10^(-10) or 10^(-9) cm^2/s and lower. So we conclude that in nature very slow molecular acceleration happened in solutions, gels, rigid bodies is about 1-10 nm/s^2. I am talking about the diffusion at room temperature. For small temperatures of course the diffusion will be much lower! I talked only about translational motion of molecules.

One can go further and ask what is acceleration at atomic scale? Did we check dark energy at that scale?

The dark energy is still "darkness". What is proposed - is based on the postulates, under which the mathematical formulas have been "pulled up".

Уважаемый Анатолий!

Инерция, а точнее движение по инерции обусловлено гравитацией, благодаря радиальному действию сил тяготения.

Прикрепляю статью на русском языке. Переводить некогда.

С уважением, С. Г. Тигунцев

Уважаемый Степан Тигунцев. Спасибо за статью

I think my above definitions of 1st Newton law and inertial frame reference are bad because we have no precise tool to measure forces.We can not use the 2nd Newton law because it is valid only in inertial frame reference. So the definition of inertial frame reference becomes as the frame when 2nd and 3rd Newton laws are valid. So the 1st Newton law is a consequence of the 2nd law.

Анатолий, истинное движение по инерции не является прямолинейным, а это значит, что 1-ый закон Ньютона не верный. Истинное движение по инерции - криволинейное, по круглой поверхности Земли (или другой эквипотенциальной поверхности). При этом причиной движения по инерции является СИЛА (это уже причина), обусловленная векторной разницей сил тяжести, за время 1 сек (1 сек выбирается для синхронизации единиц измерения).

По Ньютону движение по инерции равномерное прямолинейное БЕСПРИЧИННОЕ.

Anatoly, the true movement by inertia is not straightforward, which means that Newton's first law is not true. The true movement by inertia is curvilinear, along the circular surface of the Earth (or another equipotential surface). At the same time, the cause of inertia motion is FORCE (this is already the reason), due to the vector difference in gravity forces, for a time of 1 second (1 second is selected for synchronizing units of measurement).

According to Newton, the movement by inertia is uniform rectilinear UNREASONABLE.

Harald Mehling

Dear Harald!

It is not clear from your text what is the source of power. Consider a simple experiment. Lies on the smooth surface of the ball, push the ball, that is, apply force for some time. The ball will start rolling. Question - the action of force is over, and the ball moves, and if there are no inhibitory reasons, the ball will move indefinitely along the equipotential surface of the Earth - what makes the movement??? Maybe the ball stored some energy during the initial application of force? If the ball has accumulated energy, then in which macro or micro structure it has accumulated. At the same time, Newton's statement remains valid for you that movement by inertia is unreasonable, since this is an innate property of bodies. Please explain the physical cause of movement by inertia without involving the concept of non-inertial systems. In my study, I suggested that the reason for the inertia motion be the vector difference in radial gravity.

Harald Mehling

Dear Harald.

I just ask you to think about the interpretation of Newton's first law and Newton's statement that movement by inertia is an innate property of bodies, that is, it has no reason. In my opinion, what has no reason should not be considered as the fundamental law of physics. I propose a solution that describes the nature of the phenomenon of inertia.

Dear Harald Mehling,

You say that inertial frame reference is the reference frame when the 1st Newton law is valid or the frame when the ball have constant velocity vector if the net force is zero. But how do you conduct this experiment to verify that some reference frame is inertial one? You should somehow measure the net force. How do you measure the force? You have not any means to measure it! It is because the 2nd Newton law can be applied only in the inertial reference frame.

Let us say that the force is the thing that appears only in the presence of some source body. Okey, therefore we should place our ball infinitely far away from all other bodies. But it is unpractical. So in real life we just have not any PRECISE tools besides to the 2nd Newton law to estimate the net force.

I understand the Newton mechanics as the theory that has only 2 laws: the second and third one. The third law can be used to measure the ball mass, the second law is used to measure the force. Unfortunately I think that there is not the definition of inertial frame reference in Newton mechanics. So we just should choose arbitrary reference frame.

We state the solar system barycenter frame is inertial frame because the 2nd Newton law written in this frame is valid. I mean the following. For example from this law we can obtain the Newton law for the ball acceleration relative to the Earth surface. So we get centrifugal, Coriolis inertial forces. We can find them well in the experiments, e.g.: Foucault pendulum plane rotation, right hand railroad track deformation (for northern hemisphere), east deflection of free falling body, etc. All this facts prove that inertial frame reference (solar system barycenter frame) is determined as the frame when the 2nd Newton law is valid.

Of course, Newton's first law has been tested by time and observation. But considering omnipresent background fields such as the Zero-Point-field and the supposed Higgs field, or other such fields, matter moving through the field will interact with the field and very slowly decrease its relative velocity to its surroundings. But since these fields are external influences acting upon the matter in motion, it would not necessarily contradict Newton's First Law depending upon the exact wording and interpretation of the Law.

Anatoly A Khripov

Dear Anatoly!

You're asking a question. ... "But how to conduct this experiment to make sure that some reference system is inertial? You should somehow measure the net force. How to measure force? You don't have the means to measure it! This is because Newton's 2nd Law can only be applied in an inertial reference system... "

Consider the wording of the law of inertia: "Every body retains its state of rest or uniform and rectilinear movement until unbalanced external forces force it to change this state." The wording requires a significant correction (based on the results of the attached article), as a result of which the law of inertia can take the form: "Every body retains its state of rest or uniform and curvilinear movement around the center of the gravitational object along an equipotential trajectory until other bodies change this state by their influence."

Accordingly, the inertial system becomes a gravitational object (Earth, Moon, Sun, etc.) in which the 2nd Newton law can be applied. There are many such objects, accordingly, it is necessary to consider locally absolute reference systems.

Anatoly A Khripov

I think that it is better to use locally absolute reference systems (LASO) for those movements that fall under the influence of this system. When leaving the lower level LASO, use the upper level LASO (for example, Earth LASO - Sun LASO, Moon LASO - Earth LASO. When moving Earth-Mars LASO Earth - LASO Sun - LASO Mars, etc.)

Laws in science are descriptions of natural phenomena, Newton's first law is, law about inertia(resistance) of a system to any change of its existing situation. The situations are either at rest or moving with constant speed. Any change of these situations for the system creates inertia. To overcome the inertia of the body, external unbalanced force needed. To detect change of situations, inertial frame of reference needed(that is at rest or moving with constant speed), the body changes its situation may move greater or less speed with inertial frame of reference. To demonstrate this, take two the same bodies, one fixed at local point in the same situation, then try to change the sate(move or stop) of other objects.

Addisu Daniel, I do not agree with you that any change in the state of rest or even movement creates inertia for the system. Any change will reveal inertia, but does not characterize inertia. Because uniform motion in the absence of external forces is inertia motion. Accordingly, the following question should be asked - what is the reason for this uniform movement?. Why does the body move evenly after the end of the action of the external force? Newton argued that motion by inertia is an innate property of bodies, and accordingly it is not necessary to look for a cause.

I identified this reason - this is the vector difference in gravitational field strengths.

Is there any system naturally moving with constant speed? there is a cause to start motion and fix to some speed(constant), if so there is intial cause. The problem for nature(planets) that cause them to move with constant speed is not directily measurable. however for any change of state there is need of inertia. Inertia is not start and end at a time it is continous charactersitics of nature. Yes, in unifirm motion there is inertia because of energy gained by the moving body. If it stops, stiil there is inertia, however there is unbalanced condition not achieved to move it.

Addisu Daniel

To your statement... "Inertia is not the beginning and end, it is a continuous characteristic of nature. Yes, in a uniform movement there is inertia due to the energy obtained by the moving body... "there is a very simple question - if the moving body received energy, then this energy should be stored in some element of the body?, this energy should somehow be spent on the movement of the body?. However, we do not see this. And we see that the Earth revolves by inertia around the Sun for billions of years and does not slow down.

I have one question, Is inerita exist for single body system?