These are primarily weak physical forces, physical interactions, entrapments, some times solvation, surface and ionic interactions, etc. The forces depends on the interacting components, their molecular structures and affinities.

Riaz A. Khan Thank you very much for your answer. Will you please recommend to me some references related to your answer?

Dear all, in addition to the secondary forces involvement stated by Dr. Riaz A. Khan, sometimes primary covalent/coordination bond is formed between the two phases, usually denoted as conjugation, so that a core-shell morphology resulted. My Regards

Abdelkader BOUAZIZ Thank you very much for your answer. As far as I know, the covalent force can be considered for the interaction of the nanoparticles. In the case of the micron size particles (density is much higher than the solution), the forces should be different. I want to know the forces applicable for the large particle entrapment in the adsorbed polymer layer over the substrate.

No thanks, and no one can give precise answer since the question as it is asked doesn't allow to guess which nanoparticles and polymer matrix are considered. So please give further details about the chemical nature of both components. My Regards

For the experiment, I am willing to use polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a binder and 1, 3-dioxolane for the solvent for the binder, and Nicrobraz 51 as the particle.

Dear Sarwar Khalil, it is a metallic low melting filler. It is not highly expected to have intimate interactions between an inert filler and a Matrix, however particle size and loading are very important to avoid loss in properties. Please check the following documents. My Regards

https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.ad.ni0462

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79826-6

https://doi.org/10.1089/3dp.2020.0184