Honestly I am not sure. I only know of this species form the aquarium hobby. They can grow larger than 10 cm across, but as far as life stage, I'm not quite sure.
Picture 7 is a sea urchin most likely belonging to Family Toxopneustidae and Genus Tripneustes. Based on you picture identification of species will be difficult, perhaps T. gratilla
Picture 5 is most likely Protoreaster nodosus
Picture 4 is most likely juvenile Protoreaster nodosus
I think so. The 4th picture is a very small specimen and I have seen similar specimens in Indonesia. However, making a definitive identification from a picture is not the best way. Best way to do it is t get a key. I hope you can get one.
Another good key is by VandenSpiegel et al 1998. The Asteroid fauna (Echinodermata) of Singapore, with a distribution table and the illustrated identification to the species The Raffles Bulleting of Zoology 46(2) 431-470
It looks that way. Looking at the clean tests should confirm it. Where did you find it? Habitat can also offer some clues which species it is. When you found it was it covered by benthic detritus or debris of some sort? T. gratilla is known to cover itself with small debris for camouflage.