Nanomaterials can be classified generally into: Natural and artificially fabricated
Natural nanomaterials: materials having biological systems; eg: viruses(capsid), substances in our bone matrix, etc.
Artificial nanomaterials: These are the ones that are fabricated by different experiments. They can further sub-divided into 4 classes:
Carbon Based: These nanomaterials are composed mostly of carbon, most commonly taking the form of a hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes. Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon nanomaterials are referred to as fullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called nanotubes(carbon nanotubes (CNTs)).
Metal Based: These nanomaterials include quantum dots, nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide.
Dendrimers: These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers built from branched units. The surface of a dendrimer has numerous chain ends, which can be tailored to perform specific chemical functions. This property could also be useful for catalysis. Also, because three-dimensional dendrimers contain interior cavities into which other molecules could be placed, they may be useful for drug delivery.
Composites: Composites combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or with larger, bulk-type materials. The composites may be any combination of metal based, carbon based or polymer based nanomaterials with any form of metal, ceramic, or polymer bulk materials!
Nanoparticles are broadly classified in to three classifications
1. One dimension nanoparticles
One dimensional system (thin film or manufactured surfaces) has been used for decades. Thin films (sizes 1–100 nm) or monolayer is now common place in the field of solar cells offering, different technological applications, such as chemical and biological sensors, information storage systems, magneto-optic and optical device, fiber-optic systems.