The historical (psycho-mental) trigger for political Zionist thought was the aggressive, racial and religious antisemitism in Europe and Russia, which culminated in various nationalist movements of the19th century (e.g. Zionism).

Research No Escape from Economic Success

Research Proposal Economic Cycles of Social Hatred.-On the Conjuncture of Antisemitism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign

https://en.qantara.de/content/micha-brumliks-critique-of-zionism-in-order-to-be-a-realist-you-must-believe-in-miracles

Article Oppenheimer's Circumspection

(Observations on the Kibbutz movement).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz

The historical (psycho-mental) trigger for political Zionist thought was the aggressive, racial and religious antisemitism in Europe and Russia, which culminated in various nationalist movements of the19th century (e.g. Zionism).

Research No Escape from Economic Success

Research Proposal Economic Cycles of Social Hatred.-On the Conjuncture of Antisemitism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign

https://en.qantara.de/content/micha-brumliks-critique-of-zionism-in-order-to-be-a-realist-you-must-believe-in-miracles

Article Oppenheimer's Circumspection

(Observations on the Kibbutz movement).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz

The real reasons for the emergence of the Zionist movement are:

1. Choice:

The idea of ​​choice made the Jews feel superior to others and Zionism exploited this idea in their favor and supported it and confirmed it, which led to the hatred of the peoples of the Jews who live among them.

2. Isolation:

Isolation is an inevitable result of the above, the desire of the Jews to maintain their purity and taken isolation from forms such as the small city, which led to the creation of a barrier of suspicion between the peoples and Jews and disloyalty to the state in which they live.

3 - Nature of Jewish personality:

The Jewish character refuses to work in agriculture or manual labor, preferring to work in commerce and interest, as well as to learn the languages ​​and constant mobility, so the non-Jews regard them as an ineffective element in the society in which they live.

4 - The emergence of national trends in Europe:

Nationalities emerged in the 19th century in Europe. Each country became a nation seeking its own and its distinctive language. The Jews began to emulate all their customs, but they lost two basic principles that nationalism would not do without "land and language".

5. Colonial orientation towards the East:

By the end of the 19th century, the colonial orientation towards the east and colonialism began to transfer the problems of the Jews from the West to the East. They planted the Jews in the East, to get rid of them and to plant them as thorns in the back of the Arabs.

Interested in discussion, following!

Fully in support of respected Stephen I. Ternyik view.

Following this interesting and important discussion.

I am in a good agreement with that explanations reasons by respected colleague Prof. Dr. Stephen for emergence Zionist movement. Regards, Naseer Almukhtar

I realize that this is a sensitive subject. I was unable to read your article, but I

thought that it is worthy of recognition and readership. In the distant past I

wrote articles on the same subject, and they were not accepted for publication.

Explanation of Dr. Stephen I. Ternyik seems to me very idealized and traditional for the self-presentation of Zionism. If the pogroms were in Russia, then why was Zionism founded by completely Western people, and this process start little earlier than these pogroms occurred? Do you think that these people were concerned primarily about their fellow believers in far away Russia? Not sure. Finally, Dreyfus was judged not in St. Petersburg.

In my opinion the answer of Dr. Nedhal Sadie is closer to the truth, although I do not agree with the thesis about the preferential professions - in Russia there were peasants, and movers, and even forest raiders - Jews. The problem, in my opinion, is that in the Jewish national religious discourse the people with whom they lived are regarded as second class, goyim. People who did not succumb to this continue to live and work in Russia, but the majority left, not at all to Israel, but to the United States (so strange?). As my Jewish friend said: "Can you imagine me going out into the street - and there are only Jews ... What a horror!"

In the history of Russia of the 20th century, the Jews, without any doubt, made an outstanding contribution. This are science, and literature, and art, and music, and ballet. But they made no less important contributions to the dirty pages of our history. The desire to show themselves unhappy, persecuted, oppressed people is not peculiar to Jews, it has become typical of many. This allows to justify any own actions.

So, in my opinion, Zionizm is very similar to any other nationalism. The problem is that its implementation has affected too many.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire

This is probably the most important geo-political process, which propelled the first Zonist congress ideas of 1897 (Basel) physically forward as proposed in the writings of T.Herzl.

Article Us and them: The enduring power of ethnic nationalism

(interesting conclusions).

I thank all researchers in this debate,

As James A Beshai already mentioned, the research topic is very sensitive.

My view from social science is taken by empirical data, not by normative or narrative assumptions, but I do consider human nature and group psychology very decisive as historical spark for any emerging movement.