The genetic engineering process has raised many concerns, largely because it involves mutations in hundreds or thousands of locations throughout the plant’s DNA

The most important issue is that when it is contained genes of wheat gluten or some proteins or amino acids, both cause problems to several people.

The most complete compilation of risks, collected by respected scientists and a science writer, is available in its third edition at: http://amzn.to/1T7AYME . The second edition of this important review of evidences is available for free at: http://earthopensource.org/earth-open-source-reports/gmo-myths-and-truths-2nd-edition/

From the description of the book (which cites hundreds of peer-reviewed publications):

"Genetically modified crops and foods are neither safe nor necessary to feed the world, a new report by genetic engineers shows.

The second edition of GMO Myths and Truths, co-authored by genetic engineers Dr John Fagan and Dr Michael Antoniou and researcher Claire Robinson, was released on 19 May 2014 as a free online download by the sustainability and science policy platform Earth Open Source.

The second edition follows the publication two years ago of the first edition, which was downloaded 120,000 times just a few weeks after publication and was read online by several times that many visitors. At 330 pages, the new edition is nearly three times the length of the original and summarizes many new studies."

Thank you Medhat and Reinhold for your opinion and contribution to the discusion.

These risks can be summarized as follows:

Genetic Contamination/Interbreeding

Competition with Natural Species

Increased Selection Pressure on Target and Nontarget Organisms

Ecosystem Impacts

Impossibility of Followup

Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant Genes to Other Microorganisms

Genetic Mutations going out of control.

Thank you for the literature!

The main risk would be crop damage due to activists. Often other concerns get lumped in with GM technology because people feel an innate revulsion to it. It's an interesting topic.

Here are some risks :

Loss of plant land races and indigenous animal breeds Genetic Contamination/Interbreeding Competition with Natural Species Increased Selection Pressure on Target and Non-target Organisms Ecosystem Impacts Impossibility of Followup Horizontal Transfer of Recombinant Genes to Other Microorganisms

We, here in India doesn't have

1) Specialised Institutional body to do relevant intensive research in GMO, not a single.

2) Common people like farmers will find it difficult to discriminate between GMO n Normal ones, say Seed of crop plant which in many sense will end up in loss to farmers.

3) All other points have been discussed above as per my knowledge.

4) It should be used least to none preference wise up to the point we are stagnated in production for substantial years after which it can be tried as we have many agro-techniques in harmony with nature, should explore them, instead.

Some foods may be allergic to persons. Sometimes those plants may be dominant and may affect to biodiversity in the area where it is grown.

The most notable GMO risks to humans are the potential development of allergens to GM related crops and toxicity from GM crops. However, studies also show GM crops have benefits including the increased nutritional value in foods

please follow this link for better ideas:

1. https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/ph/gmos/gmos_print.html#:~:text=The%20most%20notable%20GMO%20risks,increased%20nutritional%20value%20in%20foods.

2. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2011/369573/

3. https://www.longdom.org/open-access/risks-of-gmos-2155-9600-1000458.pdf

4. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/

Thank you for your responses and contributions to the debate; continuing with the theme. A few years ago over a hundred Nobel Prize winners contributed to the media debate by asking Greenpeace to cease its campaigns against GMO. Do you think that GMOs have a positive side or a future in agriculture? or the risks outweigh the possible benefits?

Article Risks and Precautions of Genetically Modified Organisms

Article Genetically modified foods: Safety, risks and public concern...

Hi,

I love that you are looking into this topic, the State of New York has initiated legislation to stop the use of Roundup on crops grown there. So, it isn't just the genetic modification of plants that are the issue, it is also the herbicides and pesticides that effect health.

It is also well known that the GMO crops such as BT Corn have a direct impact on the shikimate pathway in the gut. The impact of which has ramifications that far exceed our ability to cover them here. Thank You!

GMO may produce genes inducing Toxic proteins. Consequently, those may cause cancer.

The genetic engineering process has raised many concerns, largely because it involves mutations in hundreds or thousands of locations throughout the plant’s DNA

The most important threats related to the use of GMOs in agriculture, i.e. the creation of new varieties of crops using modern genetics, microbiology and biotechnology, can be presented on the following example: climate, global warming, droughts, limited rainfall, etc.) and biotic environmental factors (e.g. viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal diseases, pest infestations, etc.), hybrids will be created by chance, acquiring additional other, currently unknown features and in addition to their applications in industrial or ecological agriculture, they will also inhabit natural environments, they will spread to green areas, in natural meadow, forest and other ecosystems, dominating these ecosystems, displacing other species and contributing to a significant depletion of biodiversity in natural ecosystems.

Best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Two major reasons against GMO, toxic proteins to some human causing allergies

and the religious rejection of millions of people of different faiths.Thirdly, there is still a chance to have anew genetic makeups of not known before! that will create a big deal of human debate! Thanks.

I have read some of the comments regarding the benefits and other serious problems with all forms of GMO utilization. This is a topic that has political as well as science based ramifications.

After reviewing the (in many cases) biased published research (done by and or paid for by the manufacturer) and what is happening in the real world is difficult to reconcile...that at this time they have any benefit. bt corn is a good example of skewed science. One example of research taken out of context would be this...https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/gmos-and-pesticides/. Where research at Harvard claims that since humans do not have a Shikimate pathway there is no harm that can come from the use of any form of corn that is GMO derived.

They do not take into account the effect that bt corn has on the gut microbiome that does have a Shikimate pathway. The damage that is done in the gut, to what has been shown to be essential for good health is only now being uncovered. Also, I have not seen any reputable research that shows GMO crops are more nutritious than organically raised crops, in fact I have seen quite the opposite.

GMO mono-cropping will never provide a better crop than the way diversified farming was done not that long ago. In any case, having a discussion about the financial and political ramifications of using GMO tech would require more space than we have here. I hope that this helps others who are interested in the topic. Oh...and then there is the human cost...https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1082559/The-GM-genocide-Thousands-Indian-farmers-committing-suicide-using-genetically-modified-crops.html

In case of transgenic plants, the G xE effects in future , especially when grown in different regions not the target of its own, we do expect a weird type of plants could be harmful to biological beings, or very bad to that environment.

I agree with Medhat, there is a genetic cross contamination issue that has already been seen world wide. Manufacturers are suing organic and other commercial farmers over it. How far will this go, and wouldn't it have been a good idea to have addressed this before they released this tech onto the world stage?

I think the risks GMO lie in production of Toxic proteins. So their genes could naturally transgene into their relatives. Thus, these weird types have to be studied via their proteomics. Legislation very necessary to regulize human manipulation of genetic material.