There are several alternative filter packing material to sand. Mostly developed by commercial and swimming pool filter applications. Those may work in drinking water treatment as well based on the operation conditions. Some are granular type and some are fiber type (in case of drinking water treatment, granular type is more suitable replacement considering the similarity to sand etc.).
Moreover, I have seen some water treatment plants apply Quarry dust/crushed stone anthracite, Zeolite, Calcite etc.