The determinants of renewable energies are -

1. The cost of renewables are high and many governments give subsidies to run their renewable energy production. So the cost of renewables must be lowered

2. Non-renewables are cheap and make lots of profit. But renewables are not profitable. But a high carbon emission tax is imposed on the non-renewables and more subsidies to renewables then the shift towards the renewables will accelerate

3. People still dont really know or care for the environmental problems that non-renewables cause. Public awarness should be raised in this regard.

Greetings to all,

I believe that besides economic variables such as GDP/cap etc. the main factor which contributes to renewable energy development is the increase of public acceptance, environmental sensitivity and ecological awareness of people. Such can be achieved by cultivating these concepts initially within the formal education system, at primary, secondary and university level. Moreover activities to raise local environmental awareness through participation and information must be intensified.

I have written some interesting papers on the subject of public acceptance and awareness of renewable investments:

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/3/687

Article An Application of the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) Scale...

Conference Paper The role of emotional intelligence as an underlying factor t...

Kind Regards

Determinant is a factor which decisively affects the outcome of something. After involvement in the subject " development of renewable energy sources" for 26 years (since 1993), I found out the main factor which delays research in this area. Honestly, it is POLITICS.

There are those who benefit a lot from the current energy usage trends which center around fossil fuels. They will not allow "sound" energy alternatives for the time being. The story continues from here...

Dear prof Dariusz Prokopowicz ,

Yes, I agree with you.

In addition or for more explanation of the factors you mentioned.

I think the following factors have to be taken on consideration:

1°- The cost of the systems must be significantly reduced(especially: the storage systems).

2°- Increase the reliability of the power source (power must be present at every moment of time).

3°- Innovation (e.g. reduce the size of the system).

4°- Energy policy of some countries must be adapted to accelerate the integration of RE.

Good luck.

The determinants of renewable energies are -

1. The cost of renewables are high and many governments give subsidies to run their renewable energy production. So the cost of renewables must be lowered

2. Non-renewables are cheap and make lots of profit. But renewables are not profitable. But a high carbon emission tax is imposed on the non-renewables and more subsidies to renewables then the shift towards the renewables will accelerate

3. People still dont really know or care for the environmental problems that non-renewables cause. Public awarness should be raised in this regard.

Dear friends and colleagues, I agree with all issues mentioned at these discussion posts. Besides, I would add that the "development of renewable energy sources" is not merely imposed as an "economic, ecological and geographical" issue. Generaly, it can be proven a viable problem-solving approach for energy production/autonomy to those remote areas where it is technically infeasible the electricity connection with the mainland energy grid. Of course it remains challenging the achievement of the desired energy mix in terms of renewables locality, the cost-effectiveness, and the scaling-up perspectives.

In the above discussion, various economic and political factors were mentioned, as well as the issue of changing consciousness, lobbying of oil industry corporations and energy based on mineral burning and others.

In view of the above, based on the above considerations and discussion on interesting issues, I formulated the following thesis that in many countries various barriers and factors for the development of energy based on renewable energy sources were diagnosed, which include various economic and political factors, the issue of changing consciousness, lobbying of the oil industry corporations and energy based on mineral combustion and others.

On the other hand, due to the more and more often occurring negative effects of climate change, i.e. the effects of the global warming process, the importance of pro-ecological reforms is growing, e.g. increasing the scale of activities in the field of waste sorting improvement, recycling development, afforestation of industrially degraded areas and creation of green areas in agglomerations urban areas, the increase in the importance of nature protection, the development of electromobility and the increase in public awareness of the need to develop renewable energy sources, etc. In many countries, public awareness of the need to carry out ecological reforms as part of the implementation of the principles of sustainable ecological development in line with the concept of green economy is increasing.

In the context of this thesis, the following questions arise that may be the basis for conducting scientific research in this field:

- In your countries, are the economic determinants or other factors among the main barriers and factors for the development of energy based on renewable energy sources?

- If, apart from the economic factors of the development of energy based on renewable energy sources, other factors have been diagnosed, what other factors are also significant and which determine development significantly or are barriers to the development of renewable energy sources?

- What action should be taken to make the transformation of the energy sector faster in your countries by converting the classic energy based on fossil burning to energy based on renewable energy sources?

What do you think about this topic?

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply

I invite you to discussion

Thank you very much

along many factors the vision , awareness and conscientiousness about long-term sustainability of ecosystem is also a pivotal dimension to consider..

For hydroelectric the nature and flow of water and the potential of vertical drop are very important.

Geothermal depends on the presence of underground thermal resources and the ability to access them economically.

Solar depends on the lack of cloud coverings and the position not extremely away of the equator.

Wind depends on the nature of preventing wind speeds.

Renewables from wastes depends on where the wastes are found and how this might connect to energy uses.

Biomass may relate where forests or other materials are available. In some cases the resources can be specifically developed for the end use.

Dear Colleagues and Friends from RG,

The above question inspired me to the following considerations:

Financing determinants for the development of renewable energy sources.

Unfortunately, conventional technologies in many industries and industrial sectors still dominate in many countries. For example, in my country currently only 15 percent. electricity is generated from renewable energy sources and the remaining 85% from traditional energy based on mineral combustion. By 2030, it is planned to increase the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources to 32 percent. This is not much considering that in many countries this plan is set at a minimum of 50 percent. energy production from renewable energy sources in 2030.

In addition, an important determinant of the necessary pro-ecological reforms in the energy sector that should be implemented in the next decade is the problem of rapidly growing greenhouse gas emissions in recent years, the global warming process that is progressing more rapidly, and the resulting weather anomalies and climatic disasters that are increasingly common including forest fires, drought in green areas and agriculture, melting glaciers, flooding in coastal areas, etc.

On the other hand, in some countries green technologies are increasingly being developed. Commercial companies and public institutions financed or co-financed from subsidies received from the state's public finance system participate in this process. These processes are usually inspired, initiated and co-financed by the state. Ecological innovations are increasingly being developed as part of the system of implementing the principles of sustainable pro-ecological economic development conducted according to the concept of green economy and projects as well as pro-ecological reforms financed from green finance funds.

The development of green technologies is important because every day in many media there is more information about the growing scale of devastation of the natural environment through the development of human civilization. In recent years, environmental pollution has been increasing and the global warming process is increasing rapidly.

Research conducted for many years by climatologists confirms that the global warming process is mainly caused by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions generated by the energy sector based on classic energy producing electricity from mineral combustion and the automotive industry also based on internal combustion engines. In addition, innovations in the field of renewable energy sources should be created and implemented as soon as possible. The energy sector should be changed as soon as possible and reformed in order to develop renewable energy sources. Classic energy sources based on the combustion of minerals should be replaced by energy technologies based on renewable energy sources, i.e. first of all solar, wind, water and possibly also nuclear energy should be developed.

Therefore, in the context of increasingly faster climate change processes, accelerating the global warming process, increasing pollution of the natural environment, international financing systems for pro-ecological projects should be created. Within these systems, international institutions should be created to finance projects for implementing ecological reforms, creating and implementing eco-innovation, etc. Grants should be awarded for research projects in the field of renewable energy development.

In connection with the above, it is necessary to increase expenditure in all countries on ecological reforms in order to implement the principles of sustainable ecological development according to the green economy philosophy. In addition, international financing systems for the creation and implementation of green innovations and green reforms should be developed in many branches of modern economies, primarily in energy through the development of renewable energy sources. National and international systems for financing pro-ecological reforms in the green finance formula should be developed. The next several years is the last moment to carry out the necessary ecological reforms to avoid a chain reaction of increasing climatic disasters and reduce the scale of environmental pollution and protect most of the remaining biosphere, biodiversity from irreversible degradation.

Therefore, humanity should reduce greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, energy based on renewable energy sources, electromobility, organic farming, waste sorting, recycling, etc. should be developed. Therefore, financial outlays for creating new ecological innovations, green technologies and their implementation in industry. However, despite the obvious need to increase expenditure on renewable energy sources, unfortunately in recent years to a significant and sufficient extent as required, these expenditures do not grow in many countries.

Do you agree with me on the above matter?

In connection with the above, I am asking you the following question:

- What are the formal, systemic, business, political and other limitations in financing pro-ecological reforms consisting in building wind farms, photovoltaic panels and other power plants producing electricity in the formula of renewable energy sources?

- What are the barriers to financing the development of renewable energy sources?

- What kind of financial instruments are used to finance the development of renewable energy sources?

- What do you think about this topic?

Please reply.

I invite you to the discussion and scientific cooperation.

Thank you very much.

Best wishes

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Thank you very much for participating in the discussion. In the context of the above discussion, I ask the following question: If the Coronavirus pandemic contributes to the increase of pro-ecological awareness, including the increase in environmental protection, the increase in the protection of biodiversity of natural ecosystems, will the Coronavirus pandemic indirectly accelerate the pro-ecological transformation of the energy sector, i.e. the development of renewable energy sources?

Please reply,

What's your opinion on this topic?

Is there any research being done on this topic?

Thank you very much and best regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Many...

...RE development in the EU countries is relatively diverse....

•

The energy mix, defined by principal components, is potential determinants of RE development.

•

Countries with the lowest shares of RE are the ones with relatively high energy self-sufficiency.

•

Countries without their own fossil fuel sources are the ones which develop RE to the greatest extent.

•

GDP per capita, concentration of energy supply and the cost of consumption of energy from fossil fuels stimulate RE development... Papież, M., Śmiech, S., & Frodyma, K. (2018). Determinants of renewable energy development in the EU countries. A 20-year perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 918-934.

… the pressure for energy saving and emission reduction have forced China to develop renewable energy ...Lin, B., & Zhu, J. (2019). Determinants of renewable energy technological innovation in China under CO2 emissions constraint. Journal of environmental management, 247, 662-671.

economic, environmental, and energy-related determinants ...Bourcet, C. (2020). Empirical determinants of renewable energy deployment: A systematic literature review. Energy Economics, 85, 104563.

Interesting question. This document of my authorship was published in 2019. I hope that the document that I share with you will be useful to you.

Title: Models of diffusion of renewable energy technologies

Astract:

The paper deals with the use of diffusion models, a useful tool to understand the development of technologies. The diffusion of technologies does not follow a unique pattern, it is complex and the challenge is in developing models for Renewable Energy Technologies TER.TERs have enormous potential to meet global demand for electric power, but the initial cost and lack of financial support is a barrier to their diffusion. They are influential factors in the diffusion, the technological characteristics, micro-environmental, the role of the government, types of users and the structure of the market. It was evidenced that the lack of success does not imply the inadequacy of the technology. The technological ignorance of those who formulate the policies and the insufficient capacity of entrepreneurs to justify the support of the government, are a brake to the development and the diffusion of the TERs. This is accentuated in Third World nations.

Keywords: dissemination models; adoption policies; renewable energy technologies.

Dear D A Gayan Nayanajith,

Thank you very much for the answers to the question: What are the main determinants of the development of renewable energy sources?

Thank you very much for participating in this discussion and for a substantive, constructive reply. A very good answer on this topic. I learned a lot from the discussions. Thanks for sharing your information. Thank you very much for the given bibliographic sources and participation in the discussion. This discussion confirms the importance of the above-mentioned issues and the legitimacy of developing scientific research on the topic the development of renewable energy sources. I am glad that the discussion is taking place and developing on this topic.

In my opinion, the issue of renewable energy sources is an important factor in the implementation of the principles of sustainable development into economic processes and an important determinant of the pro-ecological transformation process of the traditional brown economy into a sustainable green economy / circular economy. I described this issue in more detail in my publication, which I posted in August 2020 on the Research Gate portal. I invite you to research cooperation.

Thank you very much and best regards, Have a nice day,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Most definitely, Dariusz Prokopowicz , renewable energy sources should be developed. For starters, environmental factors dictate that we do so. Secondly, world energy needs will probably outstrip traditional sources. Thirdly, technology costs are dropping and lastly, it is pragmatic solution for developing markets.

Dear Debrayan Bravo Hidalgo,

Thank you very much. I am very pleased with the development of joint discussions on interesting topics in which we operate scientifically. Thank you very much for the rich, substantive information and explanations on the topic the development of renewable energy sources.

Thank you very much for the publication with interesting information on this subject. You described the problem very well. Accordingly, the importance of the issue renewable energy sources has been growing in recent years.

Thank you very much and best regards, Have a nice day

Dariusz Prokopowicz

I can identify four main(primary) factors and two(secondary factor) influencing innovation and development of renewable energy sources.

Main Factors include:

1. Ecological and climatic resources and support. This inform the nature and solutions which results to alternative power source. Example is Water flow potential(river falls, big river and dam), Solar and Wind Energy farms, Biogas derivable plants, etc.

2. Level of Technological Skills, Knowledge and Education. These are determined in parts by the level and ability of research in our colleges and Institutions, also Advancement and Vision in Technology and Engineering practices.

3. Distribution, Management and Sustainable consumers in respect to the cost of production and distribution.

4. Efficiency and sufficiency of the main system and source of energy. An efficient system, and lowest of cost of energy discourages demand and development of more costly Alternative and Renewable Energy[ARE].

The secondary factors include

1) foreign interest (investors) and 2) government financial and institutional vision and infrastructure that could aid and sustain innovation and development in renewable energy.